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Design of Royal Space Force: The Wings of Honnêamise

Gainax's 1987 debut work Royal Space Force: The Wings of Honnêamise has been particularly noted for its design work; during a 2021 interview with the New York Times, science fiction author Ted Chiang, whose Nebula Award-winning "Story of Your Life" was the basis for the Denis Villeneuve movie Arrival, cited Royal Space Force as the single most impressive example of worldbuilding in book or film. Chiang remarked on details such as the film's distinct depiction of money, television, and newspapers: "I just really was impressed by the way that the animators for that film, they invented an entirely new physical culture for this movie. The movie is not about those things, but they really fleshed out this alternate world just as the backdrop for the story that they wanted to tell."[1]

Although Royal Space Force had been green-lit based in large part on the content of a short 1985 "pilot film" version depicting a summary of the story's plot events, writer and director Hiroyuki Yamaga decided afterwards to "destroy" the work the pilot film represented and start over when making the full-length feature film version, in pursuit of a different kind of worldbuilding and character design. This process, described variously as having taken from a year[2] to as much as two years, involved as many as 20 design staff,[3] including art students from outside the anime industry working on the film part-time.[4][5] This re-design extended beyond the objects depicted in the film to its characters as well, with Yoshiyuki Sadamoto, later to become known for his character designs on the popular anime Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water, Neon Genesis Evangelion, and FLCL[6] designing for Royal Space Force main characters who were recognized at the time as having an atypical look for anime protagonists.[7]

Shinji Higuchi, who in 2017 would share the Director of the Year award with Hideaki Anno for Shin Godzilla at the Japan Academy Film Prize ceremony[8] reflected on both the problems and the personal influence on his career of Royal Space Force's design process, which he coordinated as an assistant director on the film. Higuchi recalled the work as having been done in a "horribly inefficient" manner, where far more production time was spent on designing tableware than on animating the climactic rocket launch, yet he regarded the experience as having left him with the "vital asset" of thinking that any obstacles to a production could be overcome through continuing to move ever forward with passion, a philosophy he remarked that he still believed in as a creator.[9]

Design

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Starting over from the pilot film

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In December 1984, Gainax had set up their first studio as a newly incorporated company in the Takadanobaba neighborhood of Shinjuku to produce a short "pilot film" version of Royal Space Force, with the aim of convincing Bandai to support the making the project as a full-length feature film.[10] After the successful presentation of the pilot film to Bandai in April 1985, Gainax moved their operations to another location in Takadanobaba that offered twice the space of their previous studio, where the existing staff gathered in friends and acquaintances to help visualize the setting of Royal Space Force.[11] Among those joining the crew at this time were two of the film's most prolific world designers: Takashi Watabe, whose designs would include the train station, rocket factory, and Royal Space Force lecture hall[12] and Yoichi Takizawa, whose contributions included the rocket launch gantry, space capsule simulator, and rocket engine test facility.[13]

Yamaga decided that the imagery of the alternate world depicted in the pilot film did not have the kind of different realism he was hoping to achieve in the feature film version. Rather than use the design work of the pilot as a foundation for the full-length anime, it was decided to "destroy" the world of the pilot film and start over again, creating a new series of "image board" paintings to visualize the look of Royal Space Force. The total worldbuilding process went on for roughly a year, and was described as a converse process between Yamaga and the gradually assembled team of designers; expressing his ideas into concrete terms, but also bringing their concrete skills to bear toward the expression of abstract ideas.[14][a] Yamaga reflected in 2007 that this reciprocal process influenced his writing on the film: "My style is not 'I have a story I created, so you help me make it.' Creators come first, and this is a story I created thinking what story those creators would shine at the most."[16]

Character design

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In the decade following Royal Space Force, the Sadamoto-designed Nadia La Arwall[17][18] and Rei Ayanami[19][20] would each twice win the Anime Grand Prix fan poll for favorite female character; Sadamoto's Shinji Ikari[21][22] would also win twice for favorite male character. By contrast, his male and female leads designed for Royal Space Force, Shirotsugh and Riquinni, ranked ninth and twentieth respectively for their categories in the Grand Prix poll of 1987 releases.[23] In a roundtable discussion on Royal Space Force following its release, it was pointed out that neither Shirotsugh nor Riquinni look like typical anime lead characters.[24] Yamaga remarked in his 2007 retrospective that, "One of the changes you can easily see from the pilot version is the character modeling of the protagonist. He used to look like a boy, but has become like a middle-aged man. As you can see in Evangelion later on, characters that Yoshiyuki Sadamoto creates are more attractive when they look young. But of course, he's really skilled, so even if he challenges the area that's not his specialty, he can give us what we're asking for."[25]

Sadamoto in fact did use for the final version of Shirotsugh a model reference significantly older than the 21-year old character's age,[26] the American actor Treat Williams, although the character designer remarked that Yamaga's instructions to make the face square and the eyebrows thicker had him thinking the redesign would look like the director himself.[27] As a reference for Manna, Yamaga referred Sadamoto to actress Tatum O'Neal as she appeared in the first half of the film Paper Moon.[28] Takami Akai remarked that "Sadamoto drew Manna so perfectly that we were sort of intimidated," adding she was "a sidekick who brought out the darker aspects" of Riquinni.[29] Regarding Riquinni herself, Sadamoto commented in 1987 that there seemed to be a model for her, but Yamaga did not tell him who it was.[30] In a 2018 interview session with Niigata University, Yamaga remarked, "What I see now is surprisingly the character Riquinni is nothing but me. At any rate, Shirotsugh is not me. If you ask me where I would position myself in the film, I would identify myself as Riquinni in many aspects, in terms of the way I think. I was probably someone weird [and] religious, ever since my childhood."[31][b] The appearance of several minor characters in Royal Space Force was based on Gainax staff members or crew on the film, including Nekkerout (Takeshi Sawamura),[34] the Republic aide who plans Shirotsugh's assassination (Fumio Iida),[35] and the director who suggests what Shiro should say before he walks out of his TV interview (Hiroyuki Kitakubo).[36]

Commenting on the character designs in Royal Space Force, Sadamoto remarked that in truth they more reflected the tastes of Gainax than his own personal ones, although at the same time, as the artist, his taste must be reflected in them somehow.[37] Sadamoto discussed the issue in terms of anime character design versus manga character design: "Manga can afford such strong and weird characters, but it's difficult to make good moving characters out of them in anime. The moment I draw a character, for example, you can see how it is going to behave, really ... but I was asking myself what I should be doing. 'Should I make their facial expressions more like those you see in a typical anime?' and so on. I feel that the audience reaction was pretty good, or at least that I managed to get a passing grade."[38]

Design process and philosophy

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On the premise that the real world itself was a product of mixed design, Yamaga believed that the sense of alternate reality in Royal Space Force would be strengthened by inviting as many designers as possible to participate in the anime.[39] By September, the worldbuilding of Royal Space Force proceeded forward by a system where designers were free to draw and submit visual concepts based on their interpretation of Yamaga's script; the concept art would then be discussed at a daily liaison meeting between Yamaga and the other staff.[40] Yamaga used "keywords" given to the designers as a starting point for the film's world building; the words were divided into what he termed "symbolic" and "non-symbolic" categories. The director sought to avoid "symbolic" premises where possible; as an example of the difference, Yamaga stated that a "symbolic" way to describe a "cup" would be to call it a "cylindrical object", whereas he preferred the designers start from "non-symbolic" terms that described a cup's function or sensory impressions from use, such as "it holds water," or "it’s cold and sweats when filled with water." Yamaga expressed a concern, however, that relying entirely on this "non-symbolic" approach would have risked making the designs into "abstract paintings," and so decided to retain a certain degree of "symbolic" information in the keywords.[41]

Assistant director Shinji Higuchi had overall responsibility for coordinating the design work with Yamaga's intentions through overseeing the output of its multiple designers. Higuchi gave the example of spoons to describe the design process: he would converse with a group of art students doing part-time design work on the film and consider the shape of the human mouth, the material of the spoon, the structure of its handle, and so forth. Higuchi joked that in this way they spent two months on designing Riquinni's tableware and had only one week to animate the rocket launch, yet those were the priorities. He described the time management on the film as a "mess" and the work as "horribly inefficient" with a sense that there was no end in sight to their endeavors, and yet Higuchi considered the experience to have left him with a "vital asset" as an artist, giving him the "passion to break down all the obstacles that stand in the way of creating something...It's beautiful to have the attitude of 'just keep moving forward'...Maybe there's a smarter way of doing things, but in my case, because I first experienced Royal Space Force: The Wings of Honnêamise, I can't go back."[42]

Higuchi noted moreover that the film's main mecha were designed in a collaborative fashion, citing as an example the Honnêamise air force plane, for which Sadamoto first created a rough sketch, then Takizawa finished up its shape, with its final touches added by Anno.[43] Although his aim was to give a unified look to the kingdom of Honnêamise as the film's main setting, Higuchi also attempted to take care to make it neither too integrated nor too disjointed, remarking that just as the present day world is made from a mixing of different cultures, this would have also been true of a past environment such as the alternate 1950s world of Honnêamise.[44] Yamaga commented that the film also portrayed the idea that different levels of technology are present in a world at the same time depending upon particular paths of development, such as the color TV in use by the Republic, or the air combat between jet and prop planes at the end, which Yamaga compared to similar engagements during the Korean War.[45]

A deliberate exception to Royal Space Force's general design approach was the rocket itself, which was adapted from a real-world Soviet model.[46] This exception was later noticed by Hayao Miyazaki, for whom it formed one of his two criticisms of the anime;[c] he was surprised that a film which had gone so far as to change the shape of money did not make the rocket more unusual.[48][d] Yamaga argued that although the anime reaches its eventual conclusion through a process of different design paths, it was necessary to end the film with a rocket inspired by reality, lest the audience see it as a story about a different world that has nothing to do with them.[50] In their roundtable discussion with OUT, Yamaga described the rocket as also emblematic of the film's approach to mecha; despite its many mecha designs, they all play supporting roles, and even the rocket is not treated as a "lead character".[51]

Notes

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  1. ^ A chronology of the film's production published in 1987 listed the process of developing Yamaga's abstract ideas into the actual visual designs used in the film as having taken "about a year". Yamaga however in a 1997 interview described the process as having taken two years.[15]
  2. ^ Yamaga noted that he personally drew the tract that Riquinni is seeking to give to passersby at the end of the film.[32] Akai suggested to Yamaga that in deciding to go to space, Shirotsugh "deep down inside thinks that he has done [this] for" Riquinni, and comes to realize "there's a part of her in him," yet at the end Riquinni herself now has doubts about the mission, and can no longer give her wholehearted support to Shirotsugh. Yamaga agreed with this interpretation.[33]
  3. ^ Miyazaki's other criticism involved the way Yamaga presented the relationship between the older and younger generations working on the spaceflight project. Miyazaki in fact made frequent reference to the design of the film's rocket as having a NASA look, even after Yamaga stated to him that the inspiration for the rocket was from the Soviet space program rather than from NASA.[47]
  4. ^ Anno suggested that the tall, cylindrical look of the Space Race-era rockets he had grown up watching on TV would by itself seem somewhat exotic to contemporary high school audiences in 1987, who associated human spaceflight with the appearance of the Space Shuttle. On the choice of using either an early US or Soviet rocket as a model for the Royal Space Force launcher, Anno explained that he chose the Soviet because it was novel to him personally, and because he felt the Vostok's use of boosters that separated horizontally (rather than vertically as with American rockets of the period) would create more visual interest. An aesthetic touch Anno added to the final rocket design was its copper appearance, which was inspired by the Japanese 10 yen coin.[49]

Citations

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  1. ^ Klein 2021
  2. ^ Matsushita 1987, p. 25
  3. ^ Horn 1998, p. 27
  4. ^ Akai & Yamaga 2000, 34:50
  5. ^ Hotta 2005c, pp. 253, 255
  6. ^ Hodgkins 2016
  7. ^ Daitoku 1987c, p. 20
  8. ^ Sherman 2017
  9. ^ Hotta 2005c, pp. 253, 255
  10. ^ Takeda 2005, pp. 91–93
  11. ^ 「ガイナックスは同じ高田馬場の倍のスペースのスタジオに移転する。各人の友人知人関係からプロダクションデザインのスタッフが集められる。［王立宇宙軍］の作品世界観を決めた渡部隆《プロダクションデザイン》や滝沢洋一《プロダクションデザイン》たちが次々と参加する。」Matsushita 1987, p. 25
  12. ^ Matsushita 1987, p. 109
  13. ^ Matsushita 1987, pp. 112–113
  14. ^ 「プレゼンテーションの材料であるパイロットフィルムは魅惑な異世界が強調された。しかし、［王立宇宙軍］の作品世界観である現実より現実的な異世界を構築する材料ではない。パイロットフィルムで構築された異世界は破壊されて、再び［王立宇宙軍］の異世界がイメージボードによって構築される。画面構成を重視する［王立宇宙軍］は、山賀博之の抽象的なイメージをデザインがそれぞれの分野で具像的なボードにする作業で約1年を費す。逆にそれぞれの分野のデザイナーの具体的なボードを山賀が抽象的なイメージでまとめる作業でもある。」Matsushita 1987, p. 25
  15. ^ Horn 1998, p. 27
  16. ^ Yamaga 2007, p. 6
  17. ^ Takeda 1991, p. 31
  18. ^ Takeda 1992, p. 33
  19. ^ Watanabe 1996, p. 41
  20. ^ Watanabe 1997, p. 39
  21. ^ Watanabe 1997, p. 38
  22. ^ Matsushita 1998, p. 40
  23. ^ Suzuki 1988a, pp. 40–41
  24. ^ 「『 「オネアミス」のキャラというのは、いわゆるアニメっぽくないしシロツグにしてもリイクニにしてもカッコイイ主人公、かわいい女の子という風に作られてないわけですが、その点での反応は？』」Daitoku 1987c, p. 20
  25. ^ Yamaga 2007, p. 6
  26. ^ Studio Ash 1987, p. 58
  27. ^ 「『モデルはトリート＝ウィリアムス（［ヘアー］［プリンス•オブ•シティ］他）という俳優ですが、山賀監督から顔を四角く眉を太く顎を張らせてと言われて描き直していくうちに監督本人に似せればいいんだなと。』」Matsushita 1987, p. 51
  28. ^ 「『最初に監督からテイタム＝オニール、それも［ペーパームーン］の前半1時間のテイタム＝オニールと言われたんです』」Matsushita 1987, p. 63
  29. ^ Akai & Yamaga 2000, 1:11:21
  30. ^ 「『「モデルがあるらしいんだけど山賀監督は教えてくれない。」』」Matsushita 1987, p. 56
  31. ^ Ishida & Kim 2019, p. 27
  32. ^ Akai & Yamaga 2000, 1:56:02
  33. ^ Akai & Yamaga 2000, 1:18:06
  34. ^ Takeda 2005, p. 184
  35. ^ Akai & Yamaga 2000, 1:07:26
  36. ^ Akai & Yamaga 2000, 1:05:08
  37. ^ 「『「 オネアミス」のキャラは、どちらかというとがガイナックス好みのキャラで、僕自身の好みのラインではないんですよね、正直な話。。。まあ、自分の絵だからそれなりに自分の好みを反映してはいるんだろうけど』」Daitoku 1987c, p. 20
  38. ^ 「『マンガだったら、これだけアクがあってもいいかなって思うんだけど、アニメだと動かしずらいキャラだし、デザインした瞬間に動きが見えちゃうんですよね、リアルな方向で。。。その部分で少しあがいていたんです、もっと表情をアニメ的にしてみようとか......。反応としては、わりとよかったというか、何とか合格点キープはしたんじゃないですかね。』」Daitoku 1987c, p. 20
  39. ^ 「 『。。。また多くのデザイナーによる物が混在している現実世界をトレースして、なるべく多くのデザイナーに参加して貰った。思想や感覚の違うデザインが混ざることで現実感を強くするわけです。』」Matsushita 1987, p. 27
  40. ^ 「 スタッフの全員が作品世界観を把握する為に設定作業は、デザイナーがシナリオから自由にデザインボードを描いて、毎日定時のデｨスカッションによるチェックで進められる。その為にデザインボードは山賀とスタッフの連絡表的役割の設定（検討稿）」Matsushita 1987, pp. 25, 27
  41. ^ 「『まず、オネアミスという異世界を形成するための根元的なキー•ワードをお教え願えますか？』『う—ん (しばらく考えて)、記号的であるか、ないか、という事で分けてい きました。例えば、〝コップ〞という物を表現しろと言われたら、すぐによくある〝円筒のような物〞を簡単に描いてしまいますよね。それは避けようと。 〝コップ〞であるなら、〝水を入れるもの〞 〝水が入ってると冷たい、汗をかく〞　みたいな、触れた時、見た時の印象や実感を組み合わせてデザインしていく、 という事を心掛けました。ただし、この手法では抽象絵画になってしまう怖れもあリますから、記号化された情報も、ある程度は残るようになっています。』」Studio Hard 1987, p. 34
  42. ^ 「だから最初の頃は、デザイン作業にバイトで美大生たちを集めてきて『じゃあ、今日はスプーンを考えましょう』と提案して、『そもそもスプーンとはなんぞや？』というところから発想を始めてました。しかし考えていくうちにわかってきたのは、人間の口の形が決まっている以上、 スプーンの形もやっぱり決まってくる。あの形になるんですよね。だとしたら後は材質とか、取っ手の部分の構造とか、そういう部分を考えていくことになる。そんな感じであらゆるものについて、一日2時問くらいディスカッションしていました。ぺース配分が滅茶苦茶なんですよ。『あっ、リイクニが持つ食器のデザインで２ヵ月かかっちゃった』とか（笑）。その結果、最後のロケットの発射の場面を1週間でやらなきゃならなくなったりね。大事なのはこっちなのに。しかしあの恐ろしく効率が悪く出口の見えない作業が、今にして思うととても大切な財産になっているんです。。。でも考えてみれば、それがすべての間違いのもとかもしれません(笑)。ものをつくる上の姿勢として、立ちはだかるすべての障害を情熱で突き崩せという思想。当たってくだけても、前向きに行け、『死して屍拾う者なし』とかですね。いまだに思っていますから。『とにかく前に進め、という姿勢が美しい』。。。もっとずるく、ものってヤツはつくれるのかもしれないですけど、俺の場合、最初に『王立宇宙軍　オネアミスの翼』を体験してしまったので、もう戻れないんですよ。」Hotta 2005c, pp. 253, 255
  43. ^ 「その中で私の仕事は何かというと、なんというかその打ち合せのまとめ役ですとか、監督からの発注を更に具体的に設定の人間に発 注するということでした。それも例えばメインメカなどは 誰かひとりがデザインしたわけではなくて、戦闘機にしても貞本（義行）さんのラフがあってその上に滝沢（洋一）さんが形をまとめあげて最後に庵野(秀明）さんが手を加えて完成したんです。そういうふうにして何人もの人間の手を経て最後にできてくるものなどがある場合に、その間のコーディネイトというか監督との調整とかイメージの統一をしていました。」Matsushita 1987, p. 200
  44. ^ 「作品の中の『オネアミス』というひとつの世界観の統一するように心掛けていらしたんですね。」「そうですねえ。逆に気を付けていたのは統一してもいけないし、かといってバラバラになりすぎてもいけないしと。文化というのがだいたい年代にして1950年代ぐらいだとしたら、必ずしも単一文化ではなくていくつかの文化が混ぜ合ったところででき上がっているというような感じなんです。現代にしてもそうですしね。」Matsushita 1987, p. 200
  45. ^ Ebert et al. 1988, p. 33
  46. ^ 「『今回はNASAというよりソ連のロケットをモデルにしたんですが。。。』」Yamaga & Miyazaki 1987, p. 77
  47. ^ 「『 今回はNASAというよりソ連のロケットをモデルにしたんですが、』『 僕はだから二つ言ったろ、NASAのロケットのデザインの問題と、ジジイと若者の関係。』」Yamaga & Miyazaki 1987, pp. 77, 80
  48. ^ 「『お金の形まで変えたデザインをやってるじゃない。そしたら、何でロケットだけ変えないのか、奇黄に見えたの。』」Yamaga & Miyazaki 1987, p. 79
  49. ^ 「デザインを決めるのもロケットは苦労しました。とにかく、僕達の持っている『現実』のロケット（これは子供の頃にTVで観た物）のイメージを崩さないようにしました。 現在の高校生は。。。ロケットというとスペースシャトルになってしまう。そういう人達にはあの長細に棒状の形は珍しく感じるのではないかと。」「形はソ連のボストークみたいですね。」「ソ連のロケットにした理由はアメリカ式の水平分難よりソ連式の垂直分離の方が絵的に良いし、自分にとっても斬新だったからです。」「ロケットの色については？」「自分で勝手に10円玉の色にしました。『銅』というイメージがあったんです。」Matsushita 1987, p. 202
  50. ^ 「『ただ、結論の部分で、それを現実の世界からはずしちゃうと違うものになっちゃうんです。その過程までは、いろんな所を通っててもいいけれど、最後の結論の部分では現実のものを時ってこないと、それはもうまるっきり自分らと関係ない別の世界の話になっちゃう』」Yamaga & Miyazaki 1987, p. 79
  51. ^ 「『 それに合わせて言えば、うちはワキ役メカに撤して、主役メカなんていらないよって感じで作っちゃったところがありますから、主役メカってひとつもないんですよね。あのロケットでさえ主役メカではないんです。』」Daitoku 1987c, p. 20

References

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  • Akai, Takami; Yamaga, Hiroyuki (2000). Royal Space Force: The Wings of Honnêamise (Director's Commentary) (DVD). Chicago: Manga Entertainment. ASIN B00000JKVI.
  • Daitoku, Tetsuo [in Japanese], ed. (July 1987c). "Oneamisu no Tsubasa Ōritsu Uchūgun Main Staff Zadankai [The Wings of Honneamise: Royal Space Force—Main Staff Roundtable Discussion]". OUT. Tokyo: Minori Shobo.
  • Ebert, Michael; Yoshida, Toshifumi; Riddick, David; Napton, Robert; Smith, Toren (Spring 1988). "Wings of Oneamis". Animag. No. 3. Berkeley.
  • Hodgkins, Crystalyn (July 3, 2016). "Character Designer Yoshiyuki Sadamoto, Rock Band The Pillows to Return for FLCL Sequel Series". Anime News Network. Retrieved September 16, 2023.
  • Horn, Carl Gustav (May 1998) [interview conducted in 1997 at FanimeCon]. "Animerica Interview: Hiroyuki Yamaga". Animerica. Vol. 6, no. 5. San Francisco: Viz Communications, Inc.
  • Hotta, Junji [in Japanese] (2005c) [interview conducted in November 2004]. "Shinji Higuchi". Gainax Interviews. Tokyo: Kodansha. ISBN 4-06-364643-2.
  • Ishida, Minori; Kim, Joon Yang, eds. (2019) [interview conducted in September 2018]. Archiving Movements: Short Essays on Materials of Anime and Visual Media V.1. Niigata: The Archive Center for Anime Studies in Niigata University. ISBN 978-4-9910746-0-8.
  • Klein, Ezra (March 30, 2021). "The Ezra Klein Show—Transcript: Ezra Klein Interviews Ted Chiang". The New York Times. New York: The New York Times Company. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
  • Matsushita, Kazumi, ed. (1987). Ōritsu Uchūgun Seisaku Kirokushū [Royal Space Force Production Archives]. Tokyo: Movic. ISBN 978-4943966074.
  • Matsushita, Toshiya, ed. (June 1998). "Happyō—Dai 20-kai animeguranpuri [Announcement of the 20th Anime Grand Prix]". Animage. Tokyo: Tokuma Shoten.
  • Sherman, Jennifer (March 3, 2017). "In This Corner of the World, 'your name.' Win Japan Academy Prizes". Anime News Network. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
  • Studio Ash, ed. (1987). This is Animation The Select 12: Oneamisu no Tsubasa: Ōritsu Uchūgun. Tokyo: Shogakukan. ISBN 4-09-101515-8.
  • Studio Hard [in Japanese], ed. (1987). Oneamisu no Tsubasa: Ōritsu Uchūgun Completed File. Tokyo: Bandai. ISBN 4-89189-377-X.
  • Suzuki, Toshio, ed. (June 1988a). "Dai 10-kai animeguranpuri happyō! [10th Anime Grand Prix Announcement!]". Animage. Tokyo: Tokuma Shoten.
  • Takeda, Mikio, ed. (May 1991). "Happyō! Dai 13-kai animeguranpuri [Announcement of the 13th Anime Grand Prix]". Animage. Tokyo: Tokuma Shoten.
  • Takeda, Mikio, ed. (May 1992). "Happyō! Dai 14-kai animeguranpuri [Announcement of the 14th Anime Grand Prix]". Animage. Tokyo: Tokuma Shoten.
  • Takeda, Yasuhiro (2005) [First published in Japan by Wani Books in 2002]. The Notenki Memoirs: Studio Gainax and the Men Who Created Evangelion. Houston: ADV Manga. ISBN 1-4139-0234-0.
  • Watanabe, Takashi, ed. (May 1996). "Happyō—Dai 18-kai animeguranpuri [Announcement of the 18th Anime Grand Prix]". Animage. Tokyo: Tokuma Shoten.
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  • Yamaga, Hiroyuki; Miyazaki, Hayao (1987). "Yamaga Hiroyuki vs Miyazaki Hayao: Genjitsu kara hamidashita bubun de nani ga atarashii mono ga mieru toki [Hiroyuki Yamaga vs. Hayao Miyazaki: Discovering Something New When You Step Out of Reality]". Kinema Junpo. No. 956. Tokyo: Kinema Junpo Sha Co., Ltd.
  • Yamaga, Hiroyuki (2007). "I Started from Utterly Breaking the 'Concept of Anime' That Was Within the Staff's Heads.". Royal Space Force: The Wings of Honnêamise (liner notes) (Blu-ray/DVD liner notes). Torrance: Bandai Visual Co., Ltd. ASIN B001EX9YSQ.
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