Devapala (Bengali: দেবপাল) was the emperor of the Pala Empire of Bengal. He was the third king in the line, and had succeeded his father Dharamapala. Devapala expanded the frontiers of the empire by conquering the present-day Assam and Orissa.[4] The Pala inscriptions also credit him with several other victories.
| Devapala | |
|---|---|
| 3rd Emperor of the Pala Empire | |
| Tenure | 810s-845 CE |
| Predecessor | Dharamapala |
| Successor | Mahendrapala |
| Spouse | Mahata Devi, daughter of Durlabharaja I of Chahamana dynasty |
| Issue | Rajyapala Mahendrapala Shurapala I |
| Dynasty | Pala |
| Father | Dharamapala |
| Mother | Rannadevi |
| Religion | Buddhism[1][2] Hinduism (Shaivism)[3] |
Reign
editDevapala was the third king in the line, and had succeeded his father Dharamapala.[5] His mother was Rannadevi, a Rashtrakuta princess.[6]: 178 Earlier historians considered Devapala as a nephew of Dharmapala, based on the Bhagalpur copper plate of Narayanapala, which mentions Devapala as Jayapala's purvajabhrata (interpreted as "elder brother"). Jayapala is mentioned as the son of Dharmapala's brother Vakpala in multiple Pala inscriptions. However, the discovery of the Munger (Monghyr) copper inscription changed this view. This particular inscription clearly describes Devapala as the son of Dharmapala.[7]
Based on the different interpretations of the various epigraphs and historical records, the different historians estimate Devapala's reign as follows:[8]: 32–37
| Historian | Estimate of reign |
|---|---|
| RC Majumdar (1971) | 810-c. 850 |
| AM Chowdhury (1967) | 821–861 |
| BP Sinha (1977) | 820–860 |
| DC Sircar (1975–76) | 812–850 |
Military conquests & campaigns
edit[9] Badal Pillar inscription of a later Pala king Narayanapala states that Devpala's empire extended up to the Vindhyas, the Himalayas, and the two oceans (presumably the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal). It also claims that Devapala exterminated the Utkalas (present-day Orissa), conquered the Pragjyotisha (Assam), shattered the pride of the Hunas, humbled the lords of Gurjara and the Dravidas.[10][11] These claims are exaggerated, but cannot be dismissed entirely: the neighbouring kingdoms of Rashtrakutas and the Gurjara-Pratiharas were weak at the time, and may have been subdued by Devapala.[6][12]
Conquest of Pragjyotisha and Utkala
editDevapala launched military campaigns under his cousin and his general Jayapala, who was the son of Dharmapala's younger brother Vakpala.[13] These expeditions resulted in the invasion of Pragjyotisha (present-day Assam) where the king submitted without giving a fight and Utkala (present-day Odisha) whose ruler fled from his capital city.[14]
Conquests in Southern India
edit"Dravida" is generally believed to be a reference to the Rashtrakutas (led by Amoghavarsha), but RC Majumdar believes that it may refer to the Pandyan king Sri Mara Sri Vallabha. However, there is no definitive record of any expedition of Devapala to the extreme south. In any case, his victory in the south could only have been a temporary one, and his dominion lay mainly in the north.[15]
Conflict with Tibetans
editDevapāla is said to have reached the Kambhoja country (Tibet) in his military campaign. As a result, Devapāla came into conflict with the Tibetan Empire. There is nothing impossible as the Tibetan sources claim that their kings Khri-srong-lda-btsan and his son Mu-teg-btsan-po subdued India and forced Dharmapāla to submit. Therefore, Devapāla must have also clashed with and defeated the Tibetan kings.[16][17]
Invasion of Himalayas
editThe inscription of Devapāla states that he liberated the entire Himalayas from the Tibetans. The Tibetan control of the Himalayas was lost during the period of 839-848 A.D. (During Devapāla's reign), as per the Chinese historical records.[18]
Conquests in North India
editDevapala's conflict with the Pratihara Empire under Nagabhata II
editAfter the death of Dharmapāla, Nagabhata II tried to assert his power and he may have obtained some success. However, Devapāla soon re-established Pala supremacy after his victory against the Pratiharas.[19][20]
Devapala's conflict with Ramabhadra
editRamabhadra is credited with no victory in the Pratihara inscription, which states that he ''had no desire for the world.'' Majumdar has interpreted the Gwalior Praśasti to indicate that Ramabhadra's dominion was invaded by the Pala king Devapāla. This invasion have led to serious disturbances in the Pratihara dominion.[21] Ramabhadra suffered heavy setbacks at the hands of Devapāla, who even temporarily ravaged his dominion.[22]
Devapala's conflict with Mihira Bhoja
editDevapāla's own inscriptions, as well as the inscription referring to his reign, state that he subjugated Gurjaras, Utkalas, Hunas, Dravidas, Kambojas, and Pragjyotisas. His victory over the Gurjaras specifically refers to the Pratiharas, with the Pratihara king in this case being Bhoja I.[23][24]
Religious leanings
editLike his father Devapala was a staunch sponsor of Buddhism, and approved the construction of many Buddhist temples and monasteries in Magadha.[2][25] He maintained the famous Buddhist monastery at Uddandapura (Odantapuri). Buton Rinchen Drub credits his father Dharmapala for building the monastery, although other Tibetan accounts such as that of Taranatha, state that it was magically built and then entrusted to Devapala.[8]: 45
Balaputradeva, the Sailendra king of Java, sent an ambassador to him, asking for a grant of five villages for the construction of a monastery at Nalanda. The request was granted by Devapala.[15] King Devapala granted five villages were Nandivanāka, Maņivāțaka, Națikā, Hasti and Pālāmaka to Nalanda University.[26] He also patronized the Vikramashila University and the Nalanda University.[27] Devapāla patron of Buddhism, supporting esoteric practices and scholars like Haribhadra and Buddhajñānapāda. His contributions include founding major monastic centers such as Somapura, Vikramaśīla, and Odantāpura, along with numerous Buddhist monuments in eastern India.[28]
Buddhist scholar Vajradatta (the author of Lokesvarashataka), was the court poet of Devapala.[15][4] Archaeological excavations at Paharpur in the Rajshahi district have confirmed that the ruins there are indeed those of the renowned Somapura-vihara, founded by Devapala.[29]
Successor
editDevapala ruled for about 40 years. His oldest son probably was the Crown Prince(Yuvaraja) Rajyapala. However, he probably died before his father. Earlier, the historians believed his successor to be Shurapala I and/or Vigrahapala I.[8]: 32–37 In the 2000s, a copper-plate grant was discovered at Jagjivanpur: this plate mentions that a hitherto unknown Pala king, Mahendrapala, had issued the grant in 854 CE.[30] Mahendrapala was the son of Devapala and brother of Shurapala I. Both Mahendrapala and Shurapala I were born to Queen Mahata.[31]
In popular culture
editDevapala's exploits—both verified and legendary—inspired the Bengali campaign in Dynasties of India, the 2022 expansion pack for Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ R.S. Tripathi (1 January 1999). History of Ancient India. Internet Archive. Motilal Banarsidass, India. p. 358. ISBN 978-81-208-0018-2.
Besides a great conqueror, Devapala was a patron of Buddhism, and he constructed temples and monasteries in Magadha. Thus, art and architecture received fresh impetus, and Nalanda continued to flourish as the chief seat of Buddhist learning.
- ^ a b V. D. Mahajan (1970) [First published 1960]. Ancient India. p. 570. OCLC 1000593117.
- ^ Saderson, Alexis (2009). "The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period". Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo. pp. 108–115. ISBN 978-5-88134-784-0.
- ^ a b Dahiya, Poonam Dalal (2017). Ancient and Medieval India. McGraw-Hill Education. p. 413. ISBN 978-93-5260-673-3.
- ^ History and Culture of Indian People, The Age of Imperial Kanauj, 1964, p. 50, R. C. Majumdar, A. D. Pusalkar
- ^ a b Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha (1977). Dynastic History of Magadha. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. p. 185. ISBN 978-81-7017-059-4.
[p. 178] Dharmapāla's wife was Raṇṇādevī daughter of Parabala, the ornament of the Rāshṭrakūṭa race. Devapāla was their son.
- ^ Dilip Kumar Ganguly (1994). Ancient India, History and Archaeology. Abhinav Publications. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-81-7017-304-5.
- ^ a b c Susan L. Huntington (1984). The "Påala-Sena" Schools of Sculpture. Brill. ISBN 90-04-06856-2.
- ^ Nitish K. Sengupta (2011). Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib. Penguin Books India. pp. 43–45. ISBN 978-0-14-341678-4.
- ^ History and Culture of Indian People, The Age of Imperial Kanauj, 1964, p. 50, 55, 56, R. C. Majumdar, A. D. Pusalkar.
- ^ Badal Pillar Inscription, verse 5, Epigraphia Indica, II p 160.
- ^ Sailendra Nath Sen (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. p. 20. ISBN 978-93-80607-34-4.
- ^ Badal Pillar Inscription, verse 13, Epigraphia Indica II, p 160; Bhagalpur Charter of Narayanapala, year 17, verse 6, The Indian Antiquary, XV p 304.
- ^ Bhagalpur Charter of Narayanapala, year 17, verse 6, Indian Antiquary, XV p 304.
- ^ a b c Sailendra Nath Sen (1999) [First published 1988]. Ancient Indian History and Civilization (2nd ed.). New Age International. pp. 280–. ISBN 978-81-224-1198-0.
- ^ Sinha, Bindeshwari Prasad (1974). Comprehensive History Of Bihar Vol.1; Pt.2. pp. 252–253.
- ^ Diwakar, R. R. (1958). Bihar through the ages. p. 312.
- ^ Ancient Nepal. The Department of Archaeology Number. 2005. p. 16.
- ^ Majumdar, R.C. (2009). History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 04, The Age Of Imperial Kanauj. Public Resource. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. 50–51.
- ^ Others, Muzaffar H. Syed & (20 February 2022). History of Indian Nation : Ancient India. K.K. Publications. p. 287.
- ^ Sinha, Bindeshwari Prasad (1977). Dynastic History of Magadha, Cir. 450-1200 A.D. Abhinav Publications. p. 186.
- ^ MAJUMDAR, R. C. (1971). HISTORY OF ANCIENT BENGAL. G. BHARADWAJ , CALCUTTA. pp. 113–114.
- ^ Chakrabarti, Dilip K. (1992). Ancient Bangladesh, a study of the archaeologcial sources. Internet Archive. Delhi ; New York : Oxford University Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-19-562879-1.
- ^ Rahman, Shah Sufi Mostafizur (2000). Archaeological Investigation in Bogra District: From Early Historic to Early Mediaeval Period. International Centre for Study of Bengal Art. p. 50. ISBN 978-984-8140-01-7.
- ^ S N Sen (1987). Ancient Indian history and civilization.
Like his father, Devapala was a great patron of Buddhism and his fame spread to many Buddhist countries outside India.
- ^ Sankalia, Hasmukh D. University Of Nalanda. p. 54.
King Devapala-deva through an ambassador of his, Balavarmman, to grant five villages, Nandivanāka, Maņivāțaka, Națikā, Hasti and Pālāmaka towards the income for the blessed Lord Buddha, the abode of all the virtues like Prajñāpāramitā, for the offerings, oblations, shelter, garments, etc., of the assembly of the venerable bhikkhus and for the upkeep and repair of the monastery when damaged.
- ^ H. Heras, Hasmukh D. Sankalia. Indian Archeology Today. Central Archeological Library. p. 118.
- ^ Medieval sculpture from eastern India : selections from the Nalin collection. Internet Archive. Livingston, N.J. : Nalini International Publications. 1985. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-9614416-0-9.
Buddhist Esoterism in particular, having accepted as preceptors the monks Haribhadra and Buddhajñānapāda, well-known for their mastery of the Guhyasamāja and Prajñāpāramitā texts." Monastic centers such as Somapura, Vikramaśīla, and Odantāpura are said to owe their foundation to him, as do some fifty major Buddhist monuments in eastern India. Devapāla ( A.D. 812-850) equalled and possibly surpassed his father in military achievements and continued active patronage of the Buddhist community.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Ed. R. C. Majumdar. The History of Bengal Vol.1 (Ed. R. C. Majumdar). p. 115.
- ^ Bengal museum to reconstruct excavated Buddhist site
- ^ Dimensions of Human Cultures in Central India: Professor S.K. Tiwari Felicitation Volume. Sarup & Sons. 2001. p. 239. ISBN 978-81-7625-186-0.