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Dhakaiya Urdu

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Dhakaiya Urdu, sometimes unofficially referred to as Sobbasi Language or Khosbasi Language, is a Bengalinized dialect of Urdu that is native to Old Dhaka, Bangladesh. It is being spoken by the Sobbas or Khosbas community, Nawab Family and some other communities such as the Shia community of Old Dhaka. The usage of this language is gradually declining due to negative perceptions following it being forced upon the people of erstwhile East Bengal during Bengali language movement in Pakistan.[1] Today, Dhakaiya Urdu is one of the two dialects of Urdu spoken in Bangladesh; the other one being the Urdu spoken by the Bihari refugees.

Dhakaiya Urdu
Sobbasi Language, Khosbasi Language, Nawab Family Language
RegionOld Dhaka
EthnicitySobbasi/khosbasi
Era16th century-present
Bengali script
Urdu alphabet
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
IETFur-u-sd-bd13
Hakim Habibur Rahman was one of the leading Urdu writers in Dhaka.

Features

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The dialect differs from Standard Urdu as it takes a number of loanwords from Eastern Bengali, which the dialect's source of origin is geographically surrounded by. The intonations, aspirations and tone of the language is also shifted closer to Eastern Bengali than Hindustani phonology. It is described to be a fairly simpler dialect than Standard Urdu.[1]

English Standard Urdu Dhakaiya Urdu Eastern Bengali (Vangiya)
this ye (یہ) e e (এ)
he vo (وہ) o o (ও)
too/also bhī (بھی) bī -o (-ও)
very bahot (بہت) k͟hūb (خوب) khub (খুব)
for what? kis liye (کس لئے) kā(h)e-ke liye (کاہے کے لئے) kisher laiga (কিসের লাইগা)
help madad (مدد) sāhāijo (ساہائجو) shahayjjo (সাহায্য) / môdod (মদদ)
understand samajhnā (سمجھنا) būjhnā (بُوجھنا) bujha (বুঝা)
use istamāl/istemāl (استعمال) byabahār (بیَبَہار) bêbohar (ব্যবহার) / estemal (এস্তেমাল)
my/mine merā (میرا) hāmār (ہامار) amar (আমার)

Writing system

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Dhakaiya Urdu currently does not have a standardised writing system as it traditionally formed the diglossic vernacular, with standard Urdu forming the codified lect used for writing. Recently, Dhakaiya Urdu is being written in the Bengali script and also in Urdu Nastaliq script by organisations "Dhakaiya Movement", "Dhakaiya Urdu Zaban" [Dhakaiya Urdu Language] ; "Dhakaiya Urdu Learning Centre" and "History of Urdu in Dhaka" aiming to preserve it.[note 1][2][3]

History

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The city of Jahangirnagar (now Dhaka) was Bengal Subah's capital in the mid-eighteenth century and Urdu-speaking merchants from North India started pouring in. Eventually residing in Dhaka, interactions and relationships with their Bengali counterparts led to the birth of a new Bengali-influenced dialect of Urdu.[4] The descendants of these North Indian settlers came to be known as Khusbas (other names included Sukhbas and Subbas) which meant the happily settled. The Bais and Bara panchayets, used to converse in this dialect.[5] Their Urdu language also influenced the dialect of the Bengali Muslims in Old Dhaka city which came to be known as the Dhakaiya Kutti[6] and vice versa. However, Abdul Momin Chowdhury denied the contribution of Urdu as the source of this language. Because the dialect was not born yet.[7] Sobbasi/Khosbasi is not the name of any language but the adjective and identifies some communities as referred by Hakim Habibur Rahman in Dhaka Pachas Baras Pahle.

The late 18th-century in Dhaka hosted the migration of Mirza Jan Tapish and other Urdu poets from Delhi migrating to the urban hub after an invitation from Shams ad-Daulah, the Naib Nazim of Dhaka. Poetry and literature in Standard Urdu grew popularity in Dhaka with the presence of organisations such as the Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu and the patronising of it by Dhaka's Nawabs, Sardars and Zamindars such as Khwaja Abdul Ghani and Mir Ashraf Ali. The 19th-century poet Mirza Ghalib of Agra was a close friend of Dhaka's poet Khwaja Haider Jan Shayek. The collaboration between Ghalib and Shayek was collected and compiled by Hakim Habibur Rahman, a later Urdu poet of Dhaka, in his book Inshaye Shayek. Habibur Rahman was a prominent Dhakaiya physician and litterateur whose most famous books include Asudegan-e-Dhaka and Dhaka Panchas Baras Pahle. He was the editor of Bengal's first Urdu magazine, Al-Mashriq in 1906. He later collaborated with Khwaja Adil in 1924 to found another monthly journal called Jadu. His works are celebrated for preserving Urdu, Persian and Arabic literature, compiling them into his Thulatha Ghusala.[8]

Shortly after the Bengali Language Movement of 1952, Urdu culture decreased significantly with many Urdu-speaking families switching to speaking Bengali to avoid controversy. During the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, a number of Urdu-speaking families subsequently migrated to Pakistan. As a result, the use of Urdu has become very limited to a few families and a community south of the Dhaka railway line. Furthermore, the new nation of Bangladesh deemed their newly founded nation on Bengali culture, which would later alienate the other ethnolinguistic communities of the country.

Often described as a wealthy and closed-off community, speakers of the dialect honour the Dhakaiya Urdu poets of the past in privacy within their mushairas. Other modern examples of usage include the University of Dhaka's dwindling Urdu department as well as the Urdu sermons and Islamic lectures given in Dhaka.[9][1]

Due to globalization in the culture and entertainment sector, many Hindi words have entered the language today.[7]

Nazir Uddin and Muhammad Shahabuddin Sabu, an associate professor of zoology at Savar Government College, released a Bengali-Dhakaiya Sobbasi bilingual dictionary published by Taqiya Muhammad Publications in 2021.[citation needed] Further Dhakaiya Urdu Jaban editorial board published another Bangla to Dhakaiya Urdu in February 2024.[10] as updated version of the previous one. In another development social, language and cultural activists of Old Dhaka natives Nazir Uddin, Rafiqul Islam Rafique and Khawja Javed Hasan edited "Dhakaiya Urdu to Bangla]" dictionary published by "International Mother Language Institution", Government of Bangladesh.[citation needed]

Poets

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These Dhakaiya poets wrote in Standard Urdu:

Media

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The language flourished in the media during the 20th century cinema. Khurshid Alam and Sabina Yasmin sang a song, Matiya Hamar Naam, in this dialect for the Bangladeshi film Jibon Niye Jua which released in 1975 after the Independence of Bangladesh.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Dhakaiya Sobbasi Jaban and Dhakaiya Movement, among others, consistently write this dialect of Urdu using the Bengali script.
  2. ^ Suhrawardy was from Midnapore but later moved to Dhaka and contributed to Urdu literature there

References

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  1. ^ a b c Huda, Sarah Elma (16 March 2019). "Between two languages: Examining my identity as a Bangladeshi". The Daily Star (Bangladesh).
  2. ^ Muhammad Shahabuddin Sabu; Nazir Uddin, eds. (2021). বাংলা-ঢাকাইয়া সোব্বাসী ডিক্সেনারি (বাংলা – ঢাকাইয়া সোব্বাসী অভিধান) (in Bengali). Bangla Bazar, Dhaka: Takiya Mohammad Publications.
  3. ^ বাংলা-ঢাকাইয়া সোব্বাসী অভিধানের মোড়ক উন্মোচন [Unveiling of 'Bangla-Dhakaiya Sobbasi' Dictionary]. Samakal (in Bengali). 17 January 2021. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  4. ^ ঢাকাইয়া কুট্টি ভাষার অভিধান-মোশাররফ হোসেন ভূঞা-প্রকাশনা: ঐতিহ্য-রুমী মার্কেট ৬৮-৬৯ প্যারীদাস রোড-বাংলাবাজার ঢাকা ১১০০
  5. ^ Mamoon, Muntassir (2012). "Panchayet System, Dhaka". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 24 November 2024.
  6. ^ Prof. Dr. Hafiza Khatun (17 January 2017). Dhakaiyas and Gentrification in Old Dhaka (PDF). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 May 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  7. ^ a b Shahabuddin, Mohammad (24 October 2021). ঢাকাইয়া সোব্বাসি ও তাদের ভাষা [Dhakaiya Sobbasi and their language]. Prothom Alo (in Bengali). Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  8. ^ "Urdu in Bangladesh". Dawn. 11 September 2002.
  9. ^ Gilbert, Paul Robert (September 2015). "Re-branding Bangladesh: The Other Asian Tiger". Money mines: an ethnography of frontiers, capital and extractive industries in London and Bangladesh (Thesis). University of Sussex.
  10. ^ বাংলা-ঢাকাইয়া উর্দু অভিধান (হার্ডকভার). Rokomari.

Further reading

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"Dhaka Fifty Years Ago" Translator Hashem Sufi

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