Dhori virus (DHOV) is a species of the genus Thogotovirus and a member of the family Orthomyxoviridae. It is infectious to humans, but its host is most commonly Ixodidae ticks,[1] and can also infect other species of ticks, mosquitoes, and mammals. DHOV is lethal to mice, leads to high rates of miscarriages in sheep and goats,[1] and causes systemic pathologic changes similar to those reported in humans with virulent influenza A (H5N1) virus infection.[2]
| Dhori thogotovirus | |
|---|---|
Virus classification 
| |
| (unranked): | Virus |
| Realm: | Riboviria |
| Kingdom: | Orthornavirae |
| Phylum: | Negarnaviricota |
| Class: | Insthoviricetes |
| Order: | Articulavirales |
| Family: | Orthomyxoviridae |
| Genus: | Thogotovirus |
| Species: | Dhori thogotovirus
|
| Serotypes | |
|
Batken virus | |
History
editOrigin
editDhori virus was first discovered in 1961, in the Indian state of Gujarat. It appeared in camels bitten by the tick Hyalomma dromedarii.[3]
It later appeared in Russian factory workers, and continued to spread throughout Europe. The zoonotic disease appears to infect those who work around livestock, though there have been no cases of person to person transmission.[4]
Symptoms
editThe virus causes flu-like symptoms to mice and humans alike. It begins with fever and fatigue, but can escalate to multiorgan failure after around two weeks.[5]
Symptoms may include:[citation needed]
- Chills
- Fatigue
- Low to high fever
- Congestion
- Headache
- Nausea
- Muscle aches
Rats and mice have a high mortality rate with the virus. In humans however, it is similar to virulent influenza A (H5N1).[citation needed]
Structure
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The Dhori virus is compiled of a single-stranded RNA made up of 6 negative-sense segments. Replication and transcription take place within the nucleus of the cell, along with the Thogoto virus (THOV).[6] The virus produces single-envelope glycoprotein (Gp) to enter a host sell, before blocking mammalian interferon genes.[7][8] Its experimental PDB structure is 5XEB.[9]
Its structure is most similar to the H5N1 influenza A strand, and other influenza viruses, sharing biochemical and genetic similarities.
Batken virus (BKNV) is considered a subtype of DHOV. Serological cross-reactions between BKNV and DHOV indicate a phylogenetic relationship between these viruses.[10]
Additionally, in 2014 Bourbon virus (BRBV) was found to be phylogenetically related to DHOV. [11]
References
edit- ^ a b Lledó, Lourdes; Giménez-Pardo, Consuelo; Gegúndez, María Isabel (2020). "Epidemiological Study of Thogoto and Dhori Virus Infection in People Bitten by Ticks, and in Sheep, in an Area of Northern Spain". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17 (7): 2254. doi:10.3390/ijerph17072254. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 7177830. PMID 32230796.
- ^ Li G, Wang N, Guzman H, Sbrana E, Yoshikawa T, Tseng CT, Tesh RB, Xiao SY (2008). "Dhori virus (Orthomyxoviridae: Thogotovirus) infection of mice produces a disease and cytokine response pattern similar to that of highly virulent influenza A (H5N1) virus infection in humans". Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 78 (4): 675–80. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2008.78.675. PMID 18385368.
- ^ Mateo, Rosa I.; Xiao, Shu-Yuan; Lei, Hao; Rosa, Amelia P. a. Travassos Da; Tesh, Robert B. (2007-04-01). "Dhori Virus (Orthomyxoviridae: Thogotovirus) Infection in Mice: A Model of the Pathogenesis of Severe Orthomyxovirus Infection". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 76 (4): 785–790. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2007.76.785. PMID 17426188.
- ^ Lledó, Lourdes; Giménez-Pardo, Consuelo; Gegúndez, María Isabel (April 2020). "Epidemiological Study of Thogoto and Dhori Virus Infection in People Bitten by Ticks, and in Sheep, in an Area of Northern Spain". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17 (7): 2254. doi:10.3390/ijerph17072254. ISSN 1661-7827. PMC 7177830. PMID 32230796.
- ^ Lledó, Lourdes; Giménez-Pardo, Consuelo; Gegúndez, María Isabel (April 2020). "Epidemiological Study of Thogoto and Dhori Virus Infection in People Bitten by Ticks, and in Sheep, in an Area of Northern Spain". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17 (7): 2254. doi:10.3390/ijerph17072254. ISSN 1661-7827. PMC 7177830. PMID 32230796.
- ^ "Thogotoviruses/Bourbon Virus: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology and Transmission". 2023-08-29.
- ^ Peng, Ruchao; Zhang, Shuijun; Cui, Yingzi; Shi, Yi; Gao, George F.; Qi, Jianxun (2017-10-17). "Structures of human-infecting Thogotovirus fusogens support a common ancestor with insect baculovirus". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 114 (42): E8905–E8912. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114E8905P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1706125114. ISSN 1091-6490. PMC 5651748. PMID 29073031.
- ^ Mateo, Rosa I.; Xiao, Shu-Yuan; Lei, Hao; Rosa, Amelia P. a. Travassos Da; Tesh, Robert B. (2007-04-01). "Dhori Virus (Orthomyxoviridae: Thogotovirus) Infection in Mice: A Model of the Pathogenesis of Severe Orthomyxovirus Infection". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 76 (4): 785–790. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2007.76.785. PMID 17426188.
- ^ Bank, RCSB Protein Data. "RCSB PDB - 5XEB: Structure of the envelope glycoprotein of Dhori virus". www.rcsb.org. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
- ^ Frese M, Weeber M, Weber F, Speth V, Haller O (1997). "Mx1 sensitivity: Batken virus is an orthomyxovirus closely related to Dhori virus". J. Gen. Virol. 78 ( Pt 10) (10): 2453–8. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-78-10-2453. PMID 9349464.
- ^ Roe, Molly K.; Huffman, Elise R.; Batista, Yara S.; Papadeas, George G.; Kastelitz, Sydney R.; Restivo, Anna M.; Stobart, Christopher C. (2023). "Comprehensive Review of Emergence and Virology of Tickborne Bourbon Virus in the United States - Volume 29, Number 1—January 2023 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 29 (1): 1–7. doi:10.3201/eid2901.212295. PMC 9796205. PMID 36573641.
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