In enzymology, a diaminopimelate epimerase (EC 5.1.1.7) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
| diaminopimelate epimerase | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Diaminopimelate epimerase homohexamer, Arabidopsis thaliana | |||||||||
| Identifiers | |||||||||
| EC no. | 5.1.1.7 | ||||||||
| CAS no. | 9024-22-0 | ||||||||
| Databases | |||||||||
| IntEnz | IntEnz view | ||||||||
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry | ||||||||
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view | ||||||||
| KEGG | KEGG entry | ||||||||
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway | ||||||||
| PRIAM | profile | ||||||||
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum | ||||||||
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO | ||||||||
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| Diaminopimelate epimerase | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identifiers | |||||||||||
| Symbol | DAP_epimerase | ||||||||||
| Pfam | PF01678 | ||||||||||
| InterPro | IPR001653 | ||||||||||
| PROSITE | PDOC01029 | ||||||||||
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- LL-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate meso-diaminoheptanedioate
Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, LL-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate, and one product, meso-diaminoheptanedioate.
This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerases, specifically those racemases and epimerases acting on amino acids and derivatives. The systematic name of this enzyme class is LL-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate 2-epimerase. This enzyme participates in lysine biosynthesis.
Background
editBacteria, plants and fungi metabolise aspartic acid to produce four amino acids - lysine, threonine, methionine and isoleucine - in a series of reactions known as the aspartate pathway. Additionally, several important metabolic intermediates are produced by these reactions, such as diaminopimelic acid, an essential component of bacterial cell wall biosynthesis, and dipicolinic acid, which is involved in sporulation (spore production) in Gram-positive bacteria. Members of the animal kingdom do not possess this pathway and must therefore acquire these essential amino acids through their diet. Research into improving the metabolic flux through this pathway has the potential to increase the yield of the essential amino acids in important crops, thus improving their nutritional value. Additionally, since the enzymes are not present in animals, inhibitors of them are promising targets for the development of novel antibiotics and herbicides.[1]
The lysine/diaminopimelic acid branch of the aspartate pathway produces the essential amino acid lysine via the intermediate meso-diaminopimelic acid (meso-DAP), which is also a vital cell wall component in Gram-negative bacteria.[2] The production of dihydropicolinate from aspartate-semialdehyde controls flux into the lysine/diaminopimelic acid pathway. Three variants of this pathway exist, differing in how tetrahydropicolinate (formed by reduction of dihydropicolinate) is metabolised to meso-DAP. One variant, the most commonly found one in archaea and bacteria, uses primarily succinyl intermediates, while a second variant, found only in Bacillus, utilizes primarily acetyl intermediates. In the third variant, found in some Gram-positive bacteria, a dehydrogenase converts tetrahydropicolinate directly to meso-DAP. In all variants meso-DAP is subsequently converted to lysine by a decarboxylase, or, in Gram-negative bacteria, assimilated into the cell wall. Evidence exists that a fourth, currently unknown, variant of this pathway may function in plants.[3]
Diaminopimelate epimerase (EC 5.1.1.7), which catalyses the isomerisation of L,L-dimaminopimelate to meso-DAP in the biosynthetic pathway leading from aspartate to lysine, is a member of the broader family of PLP-independent amino acid racemases. This enzyme is a monomeric protein of about 30 kDa consisting of two domains which are similar in structure though they share little Sequence alignment.[4] Each domain consists of mixed beta-sheets which fold into a barrel around the central helix. The active site cleft is formed from both domains and contains two conserved cysteines thought to function as the acid and base in the Catalysis.[5] Other PLP-independent racemases such as glutamate racemase have been shown to share a similar structure and mechanism of catalysis.
Structural studies
editAs of late 2007, 4 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1BWZ, 1GQZ, 2GKE, and 2GKJ.
References
edit- ^ Viola RE (2001). "The central enzymes of the aspartate family of amino acid biosynthesis". Acc. Chem. Res. 34 (5): 339–49. doi:10.1021/ar000057q. PMID 11352712.
- ^ Blanchard JS, Born TL (1999). "Structure/function studies on enzymes in the diaminopimelate pathway of bacterial cell wall biosynthesis". Curr Opin Chem Biol. 3 (5): 607–13. doi:10.1016/s1367-5931(99)00016-2. PMID 10508663.
- ^ Leustek T, Hudson AO, Bless C, Macedo P, Chatterjee SP, Singh BK, Gilvarg C (2005). "Biosynthesis of lysine in plants: evidence for a variant of the known bacterial pathways". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1721 (1): 27–36. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2004.09.008. PMID 15652176.
- ^ Scapin G, Blanchard JS, Cirilli M, Zheng R (1998). "Structural symmetry: the three-dimensional structure of Haemophilus influenzae diaminopimelate epimerase". Biochemistry. 37 (47): 16452–16458. doi:10.1021/bi982138o. PMID 9843410.
- ^ Roper DI, Huyton T, Lloyd AJ, Turkenburg J (2004). "Refinement of Haemophilus influenzae diaminopimelic acid epimerase (DapF) at 1.75 A resolution suggests a mechanism for stereocontrol during catalysis". Acta Crystallogr. D. 60 (Pt 2): 397–400. doi:10.1107/S0907444903027999. PMID 14747737.
Further reading
edit- ANTIA M, HOARE DS, WORK E (1957). "The stereoisomers of α∈-diaminopimelic acid. 3. Properties and distribution of diaminopimelic acid racemase, an enzyme causing interconversion of the ll and meso isomers". Biochem. J. 65 (3): 448–59. doi:10.1042/bj0650448. PMC 1199896. PMID 13412646.
