Districtus Austriae Controllatus (Latin, 'Controlled District of Austria'), DAC, is a classification for regionally typical quality wine (legal category "Qualitätswein") in Austria. It is loosely modelled on the French Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC) system,[1] and is coupled with a ripeness-based classification scale that shares a lot of nomenclature with the German Prädikat system. Thus, if a label states the winegrowing region followed by the letter combination “DAC” (e.g. Kamptal DAC) we are talking about a regionally typical quality wine. All Austrian quality wines have a round, red and white striped "Banderole" on the capsule, which ensures, that it has been inspected and approved by the government tasting authority and fulfills the requirements for “Qualitätswein”, such as maximum yields per hectare, minimum must weight and alcohol levels and guaranteed origin of the grapes.[2]
DACs are created for specific regions to establish clearly the local stylistic profile, in alignment with the French concept of terroir. Like in AOC, DAC wines are labelled only with the regional name and not the varietal unless more than one varietal is allowed. Wines carrying the name of a grape variety or a vintage year must be composed of at least 85% of that grape or vintage, respectively.[3]
Background
editIn the 1985 diethylene glycol wine scandal, several Austrian wineries illegally adulterated their wines using the toxic substance diethylene glycol to make the wines appear sweeter and more full-bodied in the style of late harvest wines.[4] Resulting from the scandal, much stricter wine laws were enacted, and the Austrian wine industry focused production primarily on dry white wines instead of sweet wines.
For these dry wines, the Prädikatswein designations (such as Spätlese or Auslese) shared with the German wine classification system, were seen as less suitable. Just as in Germany, much of the high-end dry wines therefore ended up using the designation "Qualitätswein", which in principle was seen as below the Prädikatswein. In Wachau, regional designations for dry wines were created as a response; Steinfeder, Federspiel and Smaragd. However, several organisations pressed in the 1990s for a different national system to be introduced, with "appellation-style" designations based on geographical origin rather than on must weight, with regulations for each DAC regarding allowed grape varieties and wine styles.
The result was the Districtus Austriae Controllatus system, the framework regulations of which was introduced in 2001.[5] The first DAC region to be approved was Weinviertel DAC, which happened in 2003, with the designation possible to use from the 2002 vintage.
Rules for individual DACs are developed by regional committees which include representation from grape growers and wine producers, wine cooperatives, and wine merchants. The DAC requirements must at least correspond to those for Austrian Qualitätswein and the underlying European Union wine regulations, but the committees are free to set higher standards for a specific DAC. Each wine to be sold as DAC has to be submitted to a tasting committee. It has been common for the DACs to include two quality levels, Klassik for a "standard" DAC wine, and the additional designation Reserve for a DAC wine which fulfills slightly stricter or different requirements.
Effects of DAC introduction
editOnce a winegrowing region receives DAC status, the region's name may only be used for wines that fulfill the DAC regulations. Other wines, such as those made from other grape varieties, are no longer allowed to use the region's name. This typically means that the name of the larger wine region, of which the DAC forms a part, has to be used instead, e.g. "Niederösterreich" instead of "Weinviertel".
DAC regions
editAs of February 2022, Wagram DAC is the newest DAC winegrowing region, bringing the total to seventeen (out of eighteen).[6]
| Gebietsweine | Without a more specific geographical indication |
| Ortsweine | With indication of municipality |
| Ried | With indication of single vineyard site |
| № | DAC designation | Further Level | First vintage | Permitted grape varieties | Alcohol level | Wine style |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Weinviertel DAC[7] (white only) | Klassik | 2002 | Grüner Veltliner | Min 12% | Aromatic, spicy and peppery; no oak or botrytis notes |
| Reserve | 2009 | Min 13% | Dry, full-bodied and spicy, oak aging and subtle botrytis notes allowed | |||
| 2 | Mittelburgenland DAC[8] (red only) | Klassik | 2005 | Blaufränkisch | In general min 12.5%, max 13%.
From a single vineyard site: min 13%, max 13.5%. |
Fruit-driven, spicy, full-bodied, matured in either stainless steel tanks, oak casks or oak barrels |
| Reserve | Min 13% | Fruit-driven, spicy, full-bodied, must be matured in either large oak casks or small oak barrels | ||||
| 3 | Traisental DAC[9] (white only) | Klassik | 2006 | Grüner Veltliner or Riesling | Min 12% | Grüner Veltliner: aromatic, spicy, no botrytis or oak notes.
Riesling: intensive, full-bodied, aromatic, mineral notes, no botrytis or oak notes |
| Reserve | Min 13% | |||||
| 4 | Kremstal DAC[10] (white only) | Klassik | 2006 | Grüner Veltliner or Riesling | Min 12% | Grüner Veltliner: fresh, fruit-driven aromas, aromatic, gentle spice, no botrytis or oak notes.
Riesling: aromatic, intensive stone fruit aromas, elegant, mineral notes, no botrytis or oak notes |
| Reserve | Min 13% | As above with the following differences: opulent, full-bodied with density and with great length, pronounced varietal character. Subtle botrytis and oak aging aromas are allowed. | ||||
| 5 | Kamptal DAC[11] (white only) | Klassik | 2008 | Grüner Veltliner or Riesling | Min 12% | Grüner Veltliner: fruit-driven, gentle spice, no botrytis or no oak notes.
Riesling: delicate, aromatic, intensive fruit, elegant, mineral notes, no oak notes, none or only little botrytis |
| Reserve | Min 13% | As above with the following differences: opulent, full-bodied with a lingering finish, pronounced regional and varietal character. Subtle botrytis or oak aging notes are allowed. | ||||
| 6 | Leithaberg DAC[12] | White | 2009 | Pinot blanc, Chardonnay, Neuburger, Grüner Veltliner, alone or as a blend | Min 12.5%, max 13.5% | Regional typicity in taste and bouquet. Fruity, spicy bouquet with primary fruit aromas. Compact, spicy, delicate taste with minerals, little or no use of oak. |
| Red | 2008 | Min 85% Blaufränkisch, may be blended with up to 15% St. Laurent, Zweigelt or Pinot noir | ||||
| 7 | Eisenberg DAC[13] (red only) | Klassik | 2009 | Blaufränkisch | Min 12.5%, max 13% | Fruit-driven, mineral and spicy aromas, little or not notable oak aromas |
| Reserve | 2008 | Min 13% | Fruity, mineral and spicy notes, full-bodied. (May have oak aromas.) | |||
| 8 | Neusiedlersee DAC[14] | Klassik (dry) | 2011 | Min 85% Zweigelt | Min 12% | Typical for the variety, fruity, spicy, aging in oak barrels or stainless steel |
| Klassik (fruity sweet)[15] | Not specified | All white Qualitätswein grape varieties | Not specified, but min residual sugar content: 45 g/l | Wines have to match the characteristics of Spätlese or Auslese wines | ||
| Reserve | 2010 | Min 60% Zweigelt, the rest indigenous grape varieties | Min 13% | Typical for the variety, fruity, spicy, powerful, aging in traditional large oak casks or small oak barrels (barriques) | ||
| Reserve (nobly sweet)[15] | Not specified | All white Qualitätswein grape varieties | Not specified, but min residual sugar content: 45 g/l | Wines have to match the characteristics of Beerenauslese or Trockenbeerenauslese wines | ||
| 9 | Wiener Gemischter Satz DAC[16] | Klassik | 2013 | Dominant grape variety max. 50%, third grape variety min. 10% | Max 12.5% | dry, little oak notes |
| Ried | Min 12.5% | dry | ||||
| 10 | Rosalia DAC[17] | Klassik Red | 2017 | Blaufränkisch, Zweigelt | Min 12% | Rich in finesse, fruit-driven aromas, spicy, aromatic |
| Reserve Red | Min 13% | |||||
| Rosé | One or more red Qualitätswein grape varieties | Not specified | Fresh, fruit-driven aromas, spicy | |||
| 11 | Vulkanland Steiermark DAC[18] | Gebietsweine | 2018 | Welschriesling, Pinot blanc, Chardonnay, Pinot gris, Riesling, Gelber Muskateller, Sauvignon blanc, Traminer as well as cuvées made from them | Not specified. Instead: specifications for max. content of residual sugar and market release dates. | Fine element of mineral spice, subtle, regionally typical weight and substance. Increasing depth and expression of origin with more specific geographical indications. |
| Ortsweine | Two (not mandatory) focal varieties per municipality out of: Welschriesling, Pinot blanc, Chardonnay, Pinot gris, Riesling, Gelber Muskateller, Sauvignon blanc, Traminer as well as cuvées made from them | |||||
| Ried | Welschriesling, Pinot blanc, Chardonnay, Pinot gris, Riesling, Gelber Muskateller, Sauvignon blanc, Traminer as well as cuvées made from them | |||||
| 12 | Südsteiermark DAC[19] | Gebietsweine | 2018 | Welschriesling, Pinot blanc, Chardonnay, Pinot gris, Riesling, Gelber Muskateller, Sauvignon blanc, Traminer as well as cuvées made from them | Not specified. Instead: specifications for max. content of residual sugar and market release dates. | Fine element of mineral spice, subtle, regionally typical weight and substance. Increasing depth and expression of origin with more specific geographical indications. |
| Ortsweine | Two (not mandatory) focal varieties per municipality out of: Welschriesling, Pinot blanc, Chardonnay, Pinot gris, Riesling, Gelber Muskateller, Sauvignon blanc, Traminer as well as cuvées made from them | |||||
| Ried | Welschriesling, Pinot blanc, Chardonnay, Pinot gris, Riesling, Gelber Muskateller, Sauvignon blanc, Traminer as well as cuvées made from them | |||||
| 13 | Weststeiermark DAC[20] | Gebietsweine | 2018 | Blauer Wildbacher (as Schilcher), Welschriesling, Pinot blanc, Chardonnay, Pinot gris, Riesling, Gelber Muskateller, Sauvignon blanc, Traminer as well as cuvées made from them | Not specified. Instead: specifications for max. content of residual sugar and market release dates. | Fine element of mineral spice, subtle, regionally typical weight and substance. Increasing depth and expression of origin with more specific geographical indications. |
| Ortsweine | Two (not mandatory) focal varieties per municipality out of: Blauer Wildbacher (as Schilcher), Welschriesling, Pinot blanc, Chardonnay, Pinot gris, Riesling, Gelber Muskateller, Sauvignon blanc, Traminer as well as cuvées made from them | |||||
| Ried | Blauer Wildbacher (as Schilcher), Welschriesling, Pinot blanc, Chardonnay, Pinot gris, Riesling, Gelber Muskateller, Sauvignon blanc, Traminer as well as cuvées made from them | |||||
| 14 | Carnuntum DAC[21] | Gebietsweine | 2019 | White: Pinot blanc, Chardonnay, Grüner Veltliner (blends have to consist of min. 2/3 of those varieties, rest: other Qualitätswein varieties)
Red: Blaufränkisch, Zweigelt (blends have to consist of min. 2/3 of those varieties, rest: other Qualitätswein varieties) |
White: not specified
Red: min. 12.0% vol. |
Carnuntum's reds and whites all exhibit an inherent finesse and power. Zweigelt and Blaufränkisch (whose focus lies in the eastern end of the region on the Spitzerberg) both express an elegant, robust character in a lively and refreshing style. White Carnuntum DAC marries opulent fruit with firm structure.[22] |
| Ortsweine | ||||||
| Ried | ||||||
| 15 | Wachau DAC[23] | Gebietsweine | 2020 | Grüner Veltliner, Riesling, Pinot blanc, Pinot gris, Chardonnay, Neuburger, Muskateller, Sauvignon blanc, Traminer, Frühroter Veltliner, Müller-Thurgau, Muskat Ottonel, Roter Veltliner, Gemischter Satz, Pinot Noir, St. Laurent, Zweigelt | Not specified | Very little or no oak notes |
| Ortsweine | Grüner Veltliner, Riesling, Pinot blanc, Pinot gris, Chardonnay, Neuburger, Muskateller, Sauvignon blanc, Traminer | |||||
| Ried | Grüner Veltliner, Riesling | |||||
| 16 | Ruster Ausbruch DAC[24] | not specified | not specified | One or more white Qualitätswein grape varieties | Not specified | Wines have to match the characteristics of sweet Trockenbeerenauslese wines (e.g.: min must weight: 30°KMW) |
References
edit- ^ DAC (Districtus Austriae Controllatus) Archived 2019-06-29 at the Wayback Machine on austrianwine.com, accessed 2019-07-30
- ^ "Wine with protected designation of origin". www.austrianwine.com. Retrieved 2019-07-30.
- ^ Robinson, Janis (2006). The Oxford Companion to Wine. Oxford University Press. pp. 53, 222. ISBN 0198609906.
- ^ Sonntagsblitz, July 10, 2005: Im Wein war nicht nur Wahrheit Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine ("In wine was not only truth") (in German)
- ^ "Districtus Austriae Controllatus". Archived from the original on 2018-01-03. Retrieved 2017-12-26.
- ^ "Wagram DAC region". www.austrianwine.com. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
- ^ Legal requirements for Weinviertel DAC on the Governmental Legal Information System, accessed 2019-30-07
- ^ Legal requirements for Mittelburgenland DAC on the Governmental Legal Information System, accessed 2019-30-07
- ^ Legal requirements for Traisental DAC on the Governmental Legal Information System, accessed 2019-30-07
- ^ Legal requirements for Kremstal DAC on the Governmental Legal Information System, accessed 2019-30-07
- ^ Legal requirements for Kamptal DAC on the Governmental Legal Information System, accessed 2019-30-07
- ^ Legal requirements for Leithaberg DAC on the Governmental Legal Information System, accessed 2019-30-07
- ^ Legal requirements for Eisenberg DAC on the Governmental Legal Information System, accessed 2019-30-07
- ^ Legal requirements for Neusiedlersee DAC on the Governmental Legal Information System, accessed 2019-30-07
- ^ a b "RIS Dokument "DAC-Verordnung Ruster Ausbruch und DAC-Verordnung Neusiedlersee"". www.ris.bka.gv.at. Austrian Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Regions and Tourism. Retrieved 2020-11-06.
- ^ "Wiener Gemischter Satz DAC | Österreich Wein". www.oesterreichwein.at.
- ^ Legal requirements for Rosalia DAC on the Governmental Legal Information System, accessed 2019-30-07
- ^ Legal requirements for Vulkanland Steiermark DAC on the Governmental Legal Information System, accessed 2019-30-07
- ^ Legal requirements for Südsteiermark DAC on the Governmental Legal Information System, accessed 2019-30-07
- ^ Legal requirements for Weststeiermark DAC on the Governmental Legal Information System, accessed 2019-30-07
- ^ "Legal requirements for Carnuntum DAC on the Governmental Legal Information System". www.ris.bka.gv.at. Archived from the original on 2020-10-29. Retrieved 2019-12-03.
- ^ "Carnuntum DAC | Austrian Wine". www.austrianwine.com (in German). Archived from the original on 2019-12-03. Retrieved 2019-12-03.
- ^ red, noe ORF at/Agenturen (May 9, 2020). "Wachau ist 15. DAC Weinbaugebiet". noe.ORF.at.
- ^ "Legal Requirements for Ruster Ausbruch DAC on the Governmental Legal Information System". Archived from the original on 2021-03-03.