Wikipedia

Dityrosine

Dityrosine is a dimeric form of tyrosine. Whereas tyrosine itself is a proteinogenic amino acid, dityrosine is non-proteinogenic. Various enzymes, such as CYP56A1 and myeloperoxidase, catalyze the oxidation of tyrosine residues in protein chains to form dityrosine crosslinks in various organisms. It was first isolated from rubber protein of locust wing ligament.[citation needed] Its formation can also be induced by various radical-forming agents.

Dityrosine
Names
IUPAC name
(2S,2′S)-3,3'-(6,6′-dihydroxybiphenyl-3,3′-diyl)bis(2-aminopropanoic acid)
Systematic IUPAC name
(2S)-2-amino-3-[3-[5-[(2S)-2-amino-2-carboxyethyl]-2-hydroxyphenyl]-4-hydroxyphenyl]propanoic acid
Other names
    • L,L-Dityrosine
    • 3,3′-Di-L-tyrosine
    • 3,3′-Bityrosine
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
2228674[1]
ChEBI
ChemSpider
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C18H20N2O6/c19-13(17(23)24)7-9-1-3-15(21)11(5-9)12-6-10(2-4-16(12)22)8-14(20)18(25)26/h1-6,13-14,21-22H,7-8,19-20H2,(H,23,24)(H,25,26)/t13-,14-/m0/s1
    Key: OQALFHMKVSJFRR-KBPBESRZSA-N
  • C1=CC(=C(C=C1C[C@@H](C(=O)O)N)C2=C(C=CC(=C2)C[C@@H](C(=O)O)N)O)O
Properties
C18H20N2O6
Molar mass 360.366 g·mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).


The 2,2′-biphenol structural motif allows dityrosine to form a complex with borate.[3] Affinity chromatography with a column containing immobilised phenylboronic acid has allowed development of several methods for purification of dityrosine.[4]

The tyrosine–tyrosine crosslink can form by ultraviolet irradiation and other conditions that induce radical formation.[4] Proteins with calcium binding sites consisting of two tyrosine residues, such as calmodulin and troponin C, are especially prone to this reaction as a result of coordination of their phenol groups to a calcium ion. The monomer and dimer have different emission wavelengths, which can complicate fluorescence spectroscopic analysis of tyrosine-containing proteins.[5] Conversely, the specific fluorescence of dityrosine allows simple detection of it. In particular, resilin can easily be visualized in whole organisms.[6]

The presence of dityrosine is a general biomarker for oxidative stress.[7]

References

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  1. ^ Chirality unspecified
  2. ^ Chirality unspecified
  3. ^ Malencik, D. A.; Anderson, S. R. (1991). "Fluorometric characterization of dityrosine: Complex formation with boric acid and borate ion". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 178 (1): 60–67. doi:10.1016/0006-291x(91)91779-c. PMID 2069580.
  4. ^ a b Malencik, Dean A.; Sprouse, James F.; Swanson, Chris A.; Anderson, Sonia R. (1996). "Dityrosine: preparation, isolation, and analysis". Anal Biochem. 242 (2): 202–213. doi:10.1006/abio.1996.0454.
  5. ^ Malencik, Dean A.; Anderson, Sonia R. (1987). "Dityrosine formation in calmodulin". Biochemistry. 26 (3): 695–704. doi:10.1021/bi00377a006.
  6. ^ Elvin, Christopher M.; Carr, Andrew G.; Huson, Mickey G. G; Maxwell, JM; Pearson, Roger D.; Vuocolo, Tony; Liyou, Nancy E.; Wong, Darren C. C.; Merritt, David J.; Dixon, Nicholas E. (October 2005). "Synthesis and properties of crosslinked recombinant pro-resilin". Nature. 437 (7061): 999–1002. Bibcode:2005Natur.437..999E. doi:10.1038/nature04085. PMID 16222249. S2CID 4411986.
  7. ^ DiMarco, Theresa; Giulivi, Cecilia (2007). "Current analytical methods for the detection of dityrosine, a biomarker of oxidative stress, in biological samples". Mass Spectrometry Reviews. 26 (1): 108–120. doi:10.1002/mas.20109.
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