Dixeia pigea

Ant-heap white
	Male
	Female
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Pieridae
Genus:	Dixeia
Species:	D. pigea
Binomial name
	Dixeia pigea; (Boisduval, 1836)
Synonyms
	Pieris pigea Boisduval, 1836; Pinacopteryx alba Wallengren, 1857; Belenois inana Butler, 1870; Pieris pigea ab. rubrobasalis Lanz, 1896; Pieris pigea ab. caffraria Lanz, 1896; Pieris rubrobasalis var. nitida Aurivillius, 1899; Pieris saalmuelleri Aurivillius, 1899; Pinacopteryx astarte Butler, 1900; Dixeia astarte; Pieris kueckeni Suffert, 1904; Pieris wagneri Suffert, 1904; Pieris rubrobasalis ab. lathyana Strand, 1909; Pieris elia Strand, 1912; Pieris pigea f. lathyi Hulstaert, 1924; Pieris leplaei Hulstaert, 1924; Pieris leplaei f. reducta Hulstaert, 1924; Pieris pigea pigea f. vulgaris Ungemach, 1932; Pieris pigea pigea f. rubritincta Ungemach, 1932; Pieris pigea pigea f. lutea Ungemach, 1932; Pieris pigea ab. citrina Romieux, 1934; Dixeia pigea f. citreus Talbot, 1943; Dixeia pigea f. luteola Talbot, 1943; Dixeia pigea f. lutescens Talbot, 1943; Dixeia pigea f. erubescens Talbot, 1943;

Dixeia pigea, the ant-heap small white^[1] or ant-heap white,^[2] is a butterfly in the family Pieridae that is native to Africa.

Description

The wingspan is 40–48 mm for males and 40–52 mm for females.^[3] The upperside of the wings of males is pure white with a narrow black forewing tip and small black dots on the hindwing margin.^[1] The underside is whitish with two rows of black spots on the hindwings,^[1] with the inner row sometimes absent or incomplete. The female has several colour forms,^[1] but is usually pale yellowish white on the uppersurface with heavier black markings than the male,^[1] and has a dark spot on each forewing. There is a rare female form (luteola^[3]) where the upperside is orange yellow^[1] or deep apricot.^[3] The underside of females is similar to the male but the rows of black dots are more pronounced and the base colour is pale to bright yellow. Another rare form (rubrobasalis) has orange suffusion at the base of the underside of the forewing^[1] and a creamy-yellow upperside.^[3] The dry-season form (alba^[3]) has reduced black markings.^[1] A distinguishing feature of D. pigea is that the hindwing costal has a yellow streak, unlike other Dixeia species.^[3]

Female form rubrobasalis from Limpopo Province, South Africa
Male viewed from the side; showing the yellow streak on the hindwing

Distribution

This species is found from the Eastern Cape province of South Africa through KwaZulu-Natal, Eswatini, Mpumalanga and Limpopo Province,^[4] to Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Ethiopia, DRC, Angola and Cameroon.^[2]

Life cycle

Pupa of Dixeia pigea

Eggs

Groups of tiny, elongated eggs are laid on the undersurface of the leaves of the food plants.

Larvae

The larvae are green; pale green on the back and darker green on the sides when young, and develop two rows of pale green blotches down the length of the body as they grow older. The food plants are Capparis sepiaria and Capparis tomentosa.^[1]

Pupae

The pupae have an unusual shape, with a pointed 'nose' and a notable spike on each side of the body protruding from a broad, flattened area midway down the body. There is a smaller spike both to the fore and rear of each of these larger spikes, and a small spike on each side of the body just to the rear of the head. The larger spikes resemble to some extent the double, hooked thorns on the stems of the food plant, Capparis tomentosa (see image). The pupae may be pale green, dark green or brown in colour. The wing areas show whitish or yellowish with dark spots near to hatching and the body becomes greyish.

Adults

The flight period is all year.^[1] They have been described as having a medium-fast, random flight pattern^[1] or as a rather weak, slow flying butterfly.^[5] They keep to open areas^[1] in riverine forest and thick bush^[5] or the edges of bush areas.^[1] Both sexes feed from flowers^[1] and are greatly attracted to flowering bushes exposed to the sun.^[5]

Gallery

Larvae of Dixeia pigea, just a few days old
Older larvae
Larvae; the one on the left is near to pupating
Larva about to pupate
Brown pupa
Green pupa
Underside of female pupa; yellow wings showing through
Pupa near to hatching
Female hatching from pupa
Female extending wings after hatching
Side view of female
Captive raised female released onto larval food plant

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Williams, M. (1994). Butterflies of Southern Africa; A Field Guide. Southern Book Publishers. ISBN 1-86812-516-5.
^ ^a ^b Markku Savela's pages: Dixeia, retrieved 4 August 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Woodhall, Steve (2005). Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik. ISBN 978-1-86872-724-7.
^ Biodiversity data provided by: Data contributors to the Southern African Butterfly Conservation Assessment (SABCA) (list of contributors accessible here: http://sabca.adu.org.za/thanks.php Archived 2011-01-19 at the Wayback Machine), a joint project of the South African National Biodiversity Institute, the Animal Demography Unit, University of Cape Town, and the Lepidopterists' Society of Africa (accessed via SABCA's online virtual museum, "Intaka Island". Archived from the original on 2011-01-18. Retrieved 2011-01-03., 04-08-2010).
^ ^a ^b ^c Cooper, R. (1973). Butterflies of Rhodesia.

Seitz, A. Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde 13: Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter. Plate XIII 14

[williams-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Williams, M. (1994). Butterflies of Southern Africa; A Field Guide. Southern Book Publishers. ISBN 1-86812-516-5.

[Markku-2] Markku Savela's pages: Dixeia, retrieved 4 August 2010.

[Woodhall-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Woodhall, Steve (2005). Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik. ISBN 978-1-86872-724-7.

[4] Biodiversity data provided by: Data contributors to the Southern African Butterfly Conservation Assessment (SABCA) (list of contributors accessible here: http://sabca.adu.org.za/thanks.php Archived 2011-01-19 at the Wayback Machine), a joint project of the South African National Biodiversity Institute, the Animal Demography Unit, University of Cape Town, and the Lepidopterists' Society of Africa (accessed via SABCA's online virtual museum, "Intaka Island". Archived from the original on 2011-01-18. Retrieved 2011-01-03., 04-08-2010).

[Cooper-5] Cooper, R. (1973). Butterflies of Rhodesia.

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