Douma (Arabic: دوما, romanized: Dūmā) is a village in Lebanon located 88 km from Beirut,[1] 30 km from Byblos and 45 km from Tripoli. Douma is administratively part of Batroun District and is known for its location in a valley surrounded by mountains. It stands at an altitude of 1070 m. Almost all of its houses are covered in red tiles. It has a temperate climate and an abundance of vineyards and olive and apple groves.
Douma
دوما Duma | |
|---|---|
 Center of Douma, 2009 | |
| Nickname: Douma al-Hadid (the Iron Douma) | |
  Douma Location in Lebanon | |
| Coordinates: 34°12′N 35°50′E / 34.200°N 35.833°E | |
| Country |  Lebanon |
| Governorate | North |
| District | Batroun |
| Founded by | Chalhoub clan |
| Government | |
| Elevation | 1,070 m (3,510 ft) |
History
editDouma was populated since ancient times. In the town square sits a sarcophagus, bearing a Greek inscription recording that this was the burial place of Castor, who died in 317 AD.[2] The village was almost abandoned until the 16th century, during Ottoman rule, when the modern village was founded by the Christian clan of the Maalouf.[3] The family continues to inhabit the village until the present day.[3] In 1880 the Ottoman mutasarrif of Mount Lebanon, Rustum Pasha, appointed a municipal council to administer Douma, the sixth locality to receive a council in Mount Lebanon.[4]
The Great Famine of Mount Lebanon during World War I precipitated a wave of emigrants from Douma to the Americas and their remittances significantly contributed to boosting the village's economy.[5] Most infrastructure and houses in Douma were built between 1881 and 1914, largely financed by emigrants from the village in Brazil, Argentina and the United States of America.[citation needed] In the 1920s, the leaders of Syria who had just rebelled against the French Mandatory rule, were detained and exiled to Douma of Lebanon. One of those leaders was Sa’dallah al-Jabiri who was destined to become Syria's first Prime Minister after its independence in the 1940s. Another one was a main author of Syria's constitution: lawyer Safadi.[citation needed]
Starting even before the 1920s, emigrants from Douma had settled in thirteen countries across five continents.[6]
Name
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Douma is also named Dūma al-Hadīd (literally "Douma of iron" or "Iron Douma") due to the abundance of iron found in its soil and the superior craftsmanship of its blacksmiths. The arming industry established under Ibrahim Pasha's rule encouraged many people from Choueir to come and settle in Douma since opportunities of work were plentiful at the time.[citation needed]
Climate
editDouma has a Mediterranean climate. Rainfall is higher in winter than in summer. The Köppen-Geiger climate classification is Csa. The average annual temperature in Douma is 15.2 °C (59.4 °F). About 1,210 mm (47.64 in) of precipitation falls annually.
| Climate data for Douma | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 10.7 (51.3) |
11.0 (51.8) |
13.8 (56.8) |
18.9 (66.0) |
23.4 (74.1) |
27.2 (81.0) |
29.5 (85.1) |
30.1 (86.2) |
27.2 (81.0) |
23.6 (74.5) |
17.9 (64.2) |
13.3 (55.9) |
20.6 (69.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.8 (37.0) |
3.1 (37.6) |
4.7 (40.5) |
8.1 (46.6) |
11.6 (52.9) |
14.7 (58.5) |
16.4 (61.5) |
17.2 (63.0) |
14.7 (58.5) |
12.3 (54.1) |
8.4 (47.1) |
4.9 (40.8) |
9.9 (49.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 265 (10.4) |
222 (8.7) |
202 (8.0) |
87 (3.4) |
35 (1.4) |
2 (0.1) |
1 (0.0) |
1 (0.0) |
9 (0.4) |
43 (1.7) |
124 (4.9) |
219 (8.6) |
1,210 (47.6) |
| Source: Climate-Data.org, Climate data | |||||||||||||
Twin towns
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Digne-les-Bains, France
References
edit- ^ Khuri, Fuad I. (1967). "A Comparative Study of Migration Patterns in Two Lebanese Villages". Human Organization. 26 (4): 206. ISSN 0018-7259.
- ^ Kadi, Samar (7 April 2019). "Lebanon's Douma village where Levantine traditions survive". The Arab Weekly. Retrieved 25 October 2024.
- ^ a b Harris, William (2012). Lebanon: A History, 600–2011. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-19-518-111-1.
- ^ "Joseph Khairallah Maalouf - Head of the Municipality of Douma". The Monthly Magazine. 8 March 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
- ^ Kadi, Samar (4 July 2019). "Lebanon's Douma village where Levantine traditions survive". The Arab Weekly. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
- ^ Khuri, Fuad I. (1967). "A Comparative Study of Migration Patterns in Two Lebanese Villages". Human Organization. 26 (4): 207. ISSN 0018-7259.
External links
edit- Duma, Localiban