Wikipedia

Ashok Kumar

(Redirected from Dr. Ashok Kumar)
This article is about the Indian actor. For other uses, see Ashok Kumar (disambiguation).

Ashok Kumar (born Kumudlal Ganguly; 13 October 1911 – 10 December 2001), was an Indian actor who attained iconic status in Indian cinema. He was considered the first big star of Indian cinema as well as the first lead actor to play an anti-hero.[1][2] He also became the first star to reinvent himself, enjoying a long and hugely successful career as a character actor.[3] He was a member of the cinematic Ganguly family.[4] He was honoured in 1988 with the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, the highest national award for cinema artists,[5] by the Government of India. He received the Padma Shri in 1962 and Padma Bhushan in 1999 for his contributions to Indian cinema.[5]

Ashok Kumar
Kumar c. 1941
Born
Kumudlal Ganguly

(1911-10-13)13 October 1911
Bhagalpur, Bengal Presidency, British India
(present-day Bihar, India)
Died10 December 2001(2001-12-10) (aged 90)
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Other namesDadamoni
Occupation(s)Actor, producer, painter, singer
Years active1934–1997
WorksFilmography
Spouse
Shobha Devi
​
(m. 1935)​
Children4, including Preeti Ganguly
RelativesSee Ganguly family
See Mukherjee-Samarth family
Awards
Honours

Background and personal life

edit

Ashok Kumar was born Kumudlal Ganguly to a Hindu Bengali Brahmin family in Bhagalpur, Bengal Presidency, British India (present-day Bihar, India).[6] His father, Kunjlal Ganguly, was a lawyer while his mother, Gouri Devi, was a housewife. Kumudlal was the eldest of four children. His only sister, Sati Devi, a few years younger than him, was married at a very young age to Sashadhar Mukherjee and became the matriarch of a large "film family". Next was his brother, Kalyan, 16 years younger (b.1927), who later took the screen name Anoop Kumar. Youngest of all was Abhas (b.1929), whose screen name was Kishore Kumar, who became a phenomenally successful playback singer in Hindi films. Although the eldest by several years, Kumudlal outlived all his siblings. In fact, he stopped celebrating his birthday after his youngest brother, Kishore, died on that day in 1987.

While still a teenager and well before he had even given thought to a career in films, the young Kumudlal was married to Shobha (a first cousin of actress Chhaya Devi), a girl of his own Bengali Brahmin community and similar family background, in a match arranged by their parents in the usual Indian way.[7] Their lifelong marriage was a harmonious and conventional one, and despite his film career, the couple retained a very middle-class outlook and value system, bringing up their children with traditional values in a remarkably simple home. They were the parents of one son, Aroop Ganguly, and three daughters named Bharati Patel, Rupa Verma and Preeti Ganguly. Aroop Kumar Ganguly worked in only one film, appearing as a hero in Bezubaan (1962), which flopped at the box office. He then made a career in the corporate world. The eldest daughter, Bharati Patel, is the mother of the actress Anuradha Patel. His second eldest daughter, Rupa Ganguly, is a former actress and widow of actor-comedian Deven Verma.[8] The youngest daughter, Preeti Ganguly acted as a comedienne in several Hindi films during the 1970s and 1980s and died unmarried in 2012.[9]

Kumudlal's daughter Bharati married twice. Her first marriage was to Dr. Veerendra Patel, a Gujarati doctor. Through this marriage, she had two sons, Rahul and Rohit, and one daughter, the actress Anuradha Patel, who is married to the actor Kanwaljit Singh. Later, and much against the wishes of all her relatives, Bharati married Hameed Jaffrey, a Muslim, the brother of the actor Saeed Jaffrey.[10] By this second marriage, Bharati had one son, Saahil, and also acquired step-daughters, Geneviève and Shaheen, who were Hameed's daughters by his first wife Valerie Salway, a woman of Scottish, Irish, Portuguese and Spanish heritage.[11] Geneviève married a Sindhi businessman named Jagdeep Advani. Their daughter is actress Kiara Advani.[12] Thus, Ashok Kumar has no blood relationship with Kiara Advani but he is related to her in her family tree. In all, Kumar had eight biological grandchildren - Bharati's four children Rahul, Rohit, Anuradha and Saahil, and Aroop's four children Rishi, Mihir, Tushar and Somdatta (from his marriage to Nirmala Ganguly), in addition to his step-granddaughters Geneviève and Shaheen.

Kumar was educated at Presidency College of the University of Calcutta, Kolkata, where he studied to become a lawyer. However, his heart was not in his law studies. Ganguly was more interested in cinema, in which he dreamt of working as a technician.

Career

edit

Debut and breakthrough (1936–1942)

edit

Kumar reluctantly made his debut in the year 1936 with Franz Osten's Jeevan Naiya alongside Devika Rani.[13]

 
With Devika Rani in Achhut Kanya (1936)

His breakthrough came the same year with another Franz Osten's film Achhut Kannya which was a reformist piece featuring a Brahmin boy falling in love with a girl from the so-called untouchables in Indian society.[14] After the huge box office success of Achhut Kanya, he delivered a hat-trick of silver jubilee hits with Kangan (1939), Bandhan (1940) and Jhoola (1941), all opposite Leela Chitnis.[15]

Stardom (1943-1959)

edit
 
Ashok Kumar in the 1943 film Kismet

In 1943, Ashok Kumar played the lead role in Gyan Mukherjee's drama film Kismet opposite Mumtaz Shanti.[16] It became the first film to present the main lead as an anti-hero as well as an unmarried girl getting pregnant.[17] Despite having themes considered way ahead of times, Kismet became the first Indian film to do a nett business of ₹10 million (US$120,000) and emerged an All Time Blockbuster at the box office.[18] It ran in Kolkata's Roxy Cinema for 184 weeks, a record which remains unbroken till date.[19] Kismet also got the tag of being the first true blue mega blockbuster in the history of Indian cinema.[20] Its music, especially the patriotic song "Aaj Himalay Ki Choti Se" written by Kavi Pradeep was highly successful and played big role in making Kismet a box office sensation.[21] The mass hysteria created by Kismet made Kumar the first big star of Indian cinema.[22][23] Such was his popularity at the time that, in the words of Manṭo, "Ashok's popularity grew each passing day. He seldom ventured out, but wherever he was spotted, he was mobbed. Traffic would come to a stop and often the police would have to use lathis to disperse his fans."[24]

The early-1950s saw the rise of younger crop of stars like Dilip Kumar, Dev Anand and Raj Kapoor, but Ashok Kumar remained rock-steady and continued to deliver huge hits throughout the decade.[22] In 1950, Kumar delivered a blockbuster and highest earning film of the year with Ramesh Saigal's Samadhi opposite Nalini Jaywant.[25] That same year, he reunited with Jaywant and Gyan Mukherjee for Sangram.[26] After Kismet, Kumar again donned the hat of anti-hero for Sangram, in turn adding another major hit in his kitty.[27] In 1951, he starred in B. R. Chopra's crime drama film Afsana and Nitin Bose's romantic musical Deedar.[28][29] Afsana in which Kumar played a double role was the first hit of Chopra as a filmmaker and made him a notable name in the industry while Deedar co-starring Dilip Kumar and Nargis went a step ahead and emerged a superhit at the box office.[30][31] Kumar's only notable release of 1952 was M. L. Anand's romantic drama Bewafa which also had Nargis and Raj Kapoor in the lead.[32]

In 1953, he produced and starred in Bimal Roy's romantic drama Parineeta alongside Meena Kumari.[33] Based upon the 1914 Bengali novel of the same name by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay, it proved to be a critical and commercial success.[34] Post-Parineeta, Kumar had a string of flops with Baadbaan (1954), Sardar (1955) and Bandish (1955), but this changed with a superhit in B.R. Chopra's family drama film Ek Hi Raasta (1956), acting alongside Meena Kumari and Sunil Dutt.[35] He also had successes in M. V. Raman's Bhai-Bhai and Shakti Samanta's Inspector, the same year.[36]

After scoring another hit with Ek Saal in 1957, Kumar added one more superhit in his kitty with Satyen Bose's musical comedy Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi (1958), which had his brothers Anoop Kumar and Kishore Kumar in the lead.[37][38] The film gained cult status in later years and got remade twice in Hindi and once in Marathi.[39] Its soundtrack composed by S. D. Burman was highly successful with a number of hit songs, including "Babu Samjho Ishaare", "Ek Ladki Bheegi Bhaagi Si", "Hum The Woh Thi Aur Sama Rangeen" and "Haal Kaisa Hai Janaab Ka".[40][41][42] His other major release of the year was Shakti Samanta's crime thriller Howrah Bridge which had Madhubala opposite him.[43] The film opened to positive response from critics and proved to be a hit.[44] Its dance numbers - "Mera Naam Chin Chin Chu" sung by Geeta Dutt which brought fame to Helen and "Aaiye Meharban" sung by Asha Bhosle were hugely popular among the masses.[45] Kumar's last notable film in his prime came with Yash Chopra's maiden directional venture Dhool Ka Phool (1959), co-starring Mala Sinha, Rajendra Kumar and Nanda.[46] It opened to critical acclaim and emerged a blockbuster at the box office.[47]

Continued critical and commercial success (1960-1985)

edit

With the beginning of the 1960s, Kumar opened to all kind of roles, be it main lead, second lead or a character role.[48] This saved him from ever getting type-cast and he continued to receive acclaim for his work.[49]

It started with B.R. Chopra's courtroom drama Kanoon (1960) which also had Rajendra Kumar and Nanda in the lead.[50] Despite not having any songs and other gimmicks required in a commercial Hindi film, Kanoon emerged a hit and went on to win National Film Award for Best Feature Film (Hindi).[51][52] After playing a brief role in Yash Chopra's critically acclaimed partition drama Dharmputra (1961), the following year, he did lead roles in A. Bhimsingh's Rakhi and Phani Majumdar's Aarti.[53][54] Both Rakhi and Aarti received critical acclaim and proved to be box office hits.[55] Kumar received his first Filmfare Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of a doting brother in Rakhi.[56]

1963 proved to be a hugely successful year for Kumar with many successes.[57] He first collaborated with B.R. Chopra for the romantic thriller Gumrah co-starring Sunil Dutt, Mala Sinha, Shashikala and Nirupa Roy.[58] Gumrah did very well at the box office and proved to be a superhit.[59] For his performance in the film, Kumar received another nomination in the Filmfare Award for Best Actor category and won his first BFJA Award for Best Actor (Hindi).[60] The film won National Film Award for Third Best Feature Film in Hindi.[61] This was followed by Bimal Roy's critically and commercially successful drama film Bandini.[62] Bandini was the last feature film directed by Roy and won him his final Filmfare Award for Best Director along with National Film Award for Best Feature Film (Hindi) as well as Filmfare Award for Best Film.[61]

 
Ashok Kumar with Sadhana in an emotional scene of Mere Mehboob (1963)

Before the end of year, he co-starred alongside Rajendra Kumar and Sadhana in H. S. Rawail's muslim social Mere Mehboob.[63] The film topped box office chart in 1963 and emerged an All Time Blockbuster.[64] Its music composed by Naushad dominated the musical charts and was the second best-selling Hindi film album of the 1960s.[65]

In 1964, Kumar saw two moderately successful films with A. Bhimsingh's Pooja Ke Phool and Inder Raj Anand's Phoolon Ki Sej which had Dharmendra and Manoj Kumar in the lead respectively, but his other releases, such as Chitralekha and Benazir flopped at the box office.[66] In 1965, he had a hit in Bheegi Raat and a semi-hit in Oonche Log.[67] The hit streak continued in 1966 with Asit Sen's Mamta which again had Dharmendra in the lead along with Suchitra Sen who played a double role.[68] It was a successful venture domestically, but an All Time Blockbuster in overseas markets.[69] The same year, Kumar also appeared in Brij Sadanah's Afsana which was a box office failure, but won him Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor.[70] 1967 was a notable year for him as he starred in two of the biggest hits of the year - Vijay Anand's spy heist thriller Jewel Thief and A. Bhimsingh's light hearted drama film Mehrban.[71][72] Both the films proved to be critical and commercial successes with Kumar getting applauded for his performances in them and receiving a nomination in the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor category for the latter.[73][74]

In 1968, he played the lead role in Hrishikesh Mukherjee's social drama Aashirwad.[75] Although the film didnt do well at the box office, it was a huge critical success, winning National Film Award for Best Feature Film (Hindi).[76] Kumar's portrayal of a loving father was very well received and won him all the major accolades that year, such as National Film Award for Best Actor, Filmfare Award for Best Actor and BFJA Award for Best Actor (Hindi).[77][78] One of its song "Rail Gaadi Chhuk Chhuk Chhuk Chhuk" sung by Kumar himself is considered the first rap song of Indian cinema.[79] Kumar ended the decade on a high. He co-starred alongside Sanjay Khan and Sadhana in R.K. Nayyar's mystery thriller Intaqam which went on to become a superhit at the box office.[80] He then did a guest appearance in Samanta's romantic blockbuster Aradhana which made Rajesh Khanna a superstar.[81] Kumar also reunited with Hrishikesh Mukherjee for drama film Satyakam which like their previous collaboration Aashirwad met with immense acclaim and won National Film Award for Best Feature Film (Hindi).[82][83]

The 1970s saw the domination of whole new generation of stars, including Rajesh Khanna, Dharmendra, Amitabh Bachchan, Manoj Kumar, Shashi Kapoor, Jeetendra, Vinod Khanna and Rishi Kapoor.[84] Kumar worked with all of them in various successful and acclaimed films.[85] In 1970, he played important roles in two directional ventures of Asit Sen, Sharafat co-starring Dharmendra, Hema Malini and Safar which also had Rajesh Khanna, Sharmila Tagore, Feroz Khan in the lead.[86][87] Both the films emerged superhits and received big thumbs from reviewers, especially Safar which won Sen his first Filmfare Award for Best Director.[88] He also collaborated with Manoj Kumar for his second directional, the patriotic drama Purab Aur Paschim which proved to be a blockbuster in India as well as overseas.[89][90] The following year, he had a hit in Naya Zamana and a flop in Adhikar. In 1972, he starred in Kamal Amrohi's magnum opus Pakeezah which had Meena Kumari as the eponymous lead, alongside Raaj Kumar.[91] Despite getting mixed reviews and being a slow starter, it went on to become a massive blockbuster and also the final film appearance of Kumari who passed away few weeks after its release.[92] Kumar then played the role of a doting grandfather in Samanta's Anuraag and a crook in Sadanah's Victoria No. 203.[93][94] Anuraag proved a blockbuster while Victoria No. 203 emerged a superhit with Kumar again getting nominated in the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor category.[95][19] That same year, he reunited with Rajesh Khanna for Maalik and Dil Daulat Duniya, but contrary to expectations, both the films flopped commercially.[96]

Kumar played small roles in both of his major releases of 1973 and 1974 which were - Dhund and Prem Nagar respectively.[97][98] In 1975, he had a superhit in Chori Mera Kaam co-starring Shashi Kapoor and Zeenat Aman.[99] He also appeared alongside Amitabh Bachchan and Jaya Bachchan in Mili.[100] It did average business, but won massive acclaim and is now considered a film ahead of its times.[101] Kumar delivered two major hits in 1976 with Chhoti Si Baat and Suntan.[102] He received another nomination in the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor category for his heartfelt portrayal of a retired colonel in Chhoti Si Baat.[103] His other successful films of the decade, include Dream Girl (1977), Anand Ashram (1977), Anurodh (1977), Chala Murari Hero Banne (1977), Safed Jhooth (1977), Dil Aur Deewaar (1978), Anpadh (1978) and Khatta Meetha (1978).[104][105]

Kumar began the next decade with supporting role in four hit films, including Khubsoorat, Jyoti Bane Jwala, Sau Din Saas Ke and Judaai.[106] In 1981, he had two more box office successes with Shibu Mitra's Maan Gaye Ustaad and Pramod Chakravarty's Jyoti.[107] He then played the lead role in Basu Chatterjee's comedy drama Shaukeen (1982), which was a commercial as well as critical success and is now considered a cult classic.[108] In 1983, he appeared in another of Basu Chatterjee's acclaimed venture Pasand Apni Apni and Sunil Dutt's drama film Dard Ka Rishta, which proved to be a box office hit.[109][110] The following year, he made his television debut with the soap opera Hum Log.[111] In 1985, he played supporting roles in B.R. Chopra's drama film Tawaif and Shibu Mitra's mystery thriller Durgaa.[112][113] While Tawaif opened to positive response from reviewers and emerged a major commercial success, the latter flopped at the box office.[114]

Final works (1986-1997)

edit

Towards the late-1980s, Kumar's workload slowed due to declining health. In 1986, he played the title role in B. R. Chopra's acclaimed and successful television show Bahadur Shah Zafar.[111][115] The following year, he appeared in Shekhar Kapoor's superhero film Mr. India, which was a major critical and commercial success, followed by two more hits films, Watan Ke Rakhwale and Jawab Hum Denge.[116][117] Kumar then starred in films like Inteqam (1988), Clerk (1989), Majboor (1990), Begunaah (1991), Humlaa (1992), Aasoo Bane Angaarey (1993) and Return of Jewel Thief (1996), none of which performed well critically or commercially.[118][119][120]

During this period of time, success came with the TV shows - Bheem-Bhavani (1990) and Tehkikaat (1994).[111] In 1996, Kumar received the Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award.[121] He quit acting after making an appearance in Ashim Samanta's romantic drama Ankhon Mein Tum Ho (1997) starring Sharad Kapoor, Suman Ranganathan and Rohit Roy.[122] The film opened to negative reviews from critics and flopped at the box office.[123]

Death

edit

Ashok Kumar died at the age of 90 in Mumbai on 10 December 2001 of heart failure at his residence in Chembur. The then Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee described him as "an inspiration... for many generations of aspiring actors.[48]

Artistry and legacy

edit
 
Ashok Kumar in 1942

Kumar is regarded as one of the greatest actors of Indian cinema.[124] He was a pioneering actor who introduced natural acting to Hindi cinema and the distinctive style and mannerisms that he adopted in his later career still remain extremely popular among mimicry artists.[125]

Kumar had an eye for talent and helped several up-and-coming artists get a break. He groomed Hrishikesh Mukherjee during the director's association with Bombay Talkies.[126] The filmmaker went on to helm movies, such as Anari (1959), Asli-Naqli (1962), Aashirwad (1968), Satyakam (1969), Anand (1971), Chupke Chupke (1975) and Khubsoorat (1980).[127][128][129] He produced Neel Kamal (1947), Ziddi (1948) and Mahal (1949) which launched the careers of Raj Kapoor, Dev Anand and Madhubala respectively.[130][131][132] He also collaborated with Shakti Samanta for Inspector (1956) and Howrah Bridge (1958), which proved to be game-changers for the then struggling filmmaker.[133]

He inspired many of his younger contemporaries, including Dilip Kumar, Dev Anand, Raj Kapoor, Pran, Shammi Kapoor, Raaj Kumar among others.[134][135]

One of the most successful actors of the 1940s and 1950s, Kumar appeared in Box Office India's "Top Actors" list eight times, (1940-1945, 1949-1950).[22]

In 2022, he was placed in Outlook India's "75 Best Bollywood Actors" list.[136]

Awards and recognition

edit
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Ashok Kumar

Filmography

edit
Main article: Ashok Kumar filmography

References

edit
  1. ^ "When Ashok Kumar's wedding was called off because he became an actor: 'It was considered disreputable those days'". 13 October 2022.
  2. ^ "Movie buffs and time machines". The Hindu. 5 October 2018.
  3. ^ "Remembering 'Dadamoni' Ashok Kumar: A perfectionist actor, homoeopath & 'wacky' gentleman". 10 December 2018.
  4. ^ Handa, Ekta (10 December 2018). "Remembering 'Dadamoni' Ashok Kumar: A perfectionist actor, homoeopath & 'wacky' gentleman". ThePrint. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  5. ^ a b "Ashok Kumar: Lesser Known Facts". The Times of India. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  6. ^ "Ashok Kumar: Lesser Known Facts – The Times of India". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 28 March 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
  7. ^ "Home alone: Ashok Kumar". Archived from the original on 5 February 2008.
  8. ^ "दिग्गज अभिनेता अशोक कुमार की बेटी अभिनेत्री भारती जाफरी का निधन". Zee News (in Hindi). Retrieved 23 May 2023.
  9. ^ "Veteran actor Ashok Kumar passes away". Economic Times. 10 December 2001. Archived from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
  10. ^ "ये रही हैं सलमान खान की पहली गर्लफ्रेंड, होते-होते रह गई दोनों की शादी!". bhaskar.com. 10 February 2016. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
  11. ^ "Gene Junction: Kiara Alia Advani". Verve (Indian magazine). 2 February 2016. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
  12. ^ "Kiara Advani's about her relation with Ashok Kumar | THE FREE PRESS JOURNAL". Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  13. ^ Manṭo 2003, pp. 244–245.
  14. ^ Annotation of the film on indiancine.ma
  15. ^ "Top Earners 1940–1949 (Figures in Ind Rs)". Box Office India. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013.
  16. ^ "Kismet (1943)". Rotten Tomatoes.
  17. ^ "Ashok Kumar Played 'Khal Nayak' In 1943 Film Kismet, First In Bollywood". 13 October 2023.
  18. ^ "Everything To Know About Indian Cinema's First Blockbuster, 'Kismet' Starring Ashok Kumar". 28 May 2002.
  19. ^ a b "All Time Longest Runners In Kolkata: Sholay 2nd - HAHK 4th".
  20. ^ Kismet (1943 film) Archived 3 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine National Film Archive of India; accessed 15 October 2017.
  21. ^ Britannica, Encyclopedia (2003). Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema. Popular Prakashan. p. 282. ISBN 978-81-7991-066-5.
  22. ^ a b c "Top Actors". Box Office India. Archived from the original on 19 February 2008. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  23. ^ "एक तरफ 'वर्ल्ड वॉर 2' चल रहा था और दूसरी तरफ फिल्म 'किस्मत'ने इतिहास रचा, अशोक कुमार बन गए पहले सुपरस्टार". Navbharat Times (in Hindi). Retrieved 26 September 2024.
  24. ^ Manṭo 2010.
  25. ^ Box Office India. "Top Earners 1950". boxofficeindia.com. Retrieved 9 July 2008.
  26. ^ "Sangram (1950)". Rotten Tomatoes.
  27. ^ "Sangram (1950)". The Hindu. 30 December 2010.
  28. ^ Majumdar, Neepa (2009). Wanted Cultured Ladies Only!: Female Stardom and Cinema in India, 1930s-1950s. University of Illinois Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-252-07628-2.
  29. ^ Bhaichand Patel (2012). Bollywood's Top 20: Superstars of Indian Cinema. Penguin Books India. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-670-08572-9.
  30. ^ "Noted filmmaker B R Chopra passes away". The Hindu newspaper. 5 November 2008. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  31. ^ "Cinema : Do Badan (1966)". The Hindu. 15 October 2010. Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
  32. ^ "Bewafa (1952)".
  33. ^ "On Meena Kumari's birth anniversary, here are her 5 must watch films". 1 August 2022.
  34. ^ "From Anarkali To Rahi – Top Bollywood Box Office Grossers Of 1953".
  35. ^ Dwyer, Rachel (2002). Yash Chopra: Fifty Years in Indian Cinema. Lotus Collection. p. 42. ISBN 8174362347.
  36. ^ "From Dev Anand's CID To Raj Kapoor's Chori Chori – Top Bollywood Box Office Grossers Of 1956". 29 May 1956.
  37. ^ Deb, Sandipan (12 October 2020). "The best Hindi movie ever and the inimitable Kishore Kumar". mint. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  38. ^ "Bollywood throwback movie review: Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi (1958)". The American Bazaar. 1 December 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  39. ^ Swamy, Rohan (13 February 2013). "The Remake Saga". The Indian Express. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  40. ^ Swamy, Rohan (13 February 2013). "The Remake Saga". The Indian Express. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  41. ^ "Bollywood throwback movie review: Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi (1958)". The American Bazaar. 1 December 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  42. ^ "The Top 25 Rain Songs In Bollywood – Rediff.com" https://m.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-top-25-rain-songs-of-bollywood/20120614.htm
  43. ^ U, Saiam Z. (2012). Houseful The Golden Years of Hindi Cinema. Om Books International. ISBN 978-93-80070-25-4.
  44. ^ "Remembering Madhubala's best roles". Filmfare. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  45. ^ "For a shake n shimmy". The Hindu. 6 April 2016.
  46. ^ "Dhool Ka Phool (1959)".
  47. ^ "Legendary Director Yash Chopra Passes Away". 22 October 2012. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013.
  48. ^ a b "BBC News – FILM – Bollywood star Ashok Kumar dies". bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
  49. ^ "Ashok Kumar: 'Jewel' To His Family And 'Jewel Thief' Of Hindi Cinema". 14 October 2022.
  50. ^ "Kanoon (1960)". Rotten Tomatoes.
  51. ^ "JAANEWALE KI YAAD AATI HAI - RAJENDRA KUMAR BIDS ADIEU". 17 July 2024.
  52. ^ "8th National Film Awards". International Film Festival of India. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
  53. ^ "Blast from the past: RAKTHA SAMBANDHAM (1962)". Thehindu.com. 20 October 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  54. ^ Vijayakumar, B. (12 April 2015). "Manaswini – 1968". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 9 May 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  55. ^ "Worth Their Weight in Gold! - Box Office India : India's premier film trade magazine". Archived from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
  56. ^ "Filmfare Nominees and Winner [sic]" (PDF). The Times Group. Retrieved 6 May 2023 – via Internet Archive.
  57. ^ "Ashok Kumar - The Jewel In Bollywood's Crown".
  58. ^ "Gumrah (1963)". Rotten Tomatoes.
  59. ^ "Gumraah Dull - John Wick 4 Proving To Be A HIT".
  60. ^ "69th & 70th Annual Hero Honda BFJA Awards 2007". Bfjaawards.com. Archived from the original on 8 January 2010. Retrieved 12 July 2010.
  61. ^ a b "11th National Film Awards". International Film Festival of India. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2011.
  62. ^ Chatterjee, Saibal; Nihalani, Govind; Gulzar (2003). Encyclopaedia of Hindi cinema. Popular Prakashan. p. 599. ISBN 9788179910665.
  63. ^ "Mere Mehboob (1963)". Rotten Tomatoes.
  64. ^ "From Rajendra Kumar & Ashok Kumar's Mere Mehboob To Dev Anand's Tere Ghar Ke Saamne – Top Bollywood Box Office Grossers Of 1963". 18 May 1963.
  65. ^ "Music Hits 1960–1969". Box Office India. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  66. ^ "Box Office 1964". Boxofficeindia.com. Archived from the original on 12 February 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  67. ^ "Box Office 1965". Box Office India. Archived from the original on 22 September 2012.
  68. ^ Peter Cowie (1977). World Filmography: 1967. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 270. ISBN 978-0-498-01565-6. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  69. ^ "You Asked It - Why Are China Collections Not Added To Worldwide Collections". 1 March 2018.
  70. ^ "The Filmfare Awards Nominations – 1966". The Times Group. Archived from the original on 23 March 2004.
  71. ^ Devinder Bir Kaur (7 March 2004). "Goldie: Guide for new filmmakers". The Tribune. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
  72. ^ Elley 1977, pp. 270–271.
  73. ^ "Dev Anand-Vyjanthimala's Jewel Thief remains one of Hindi cinema's tautest thrillers, even 55 years after it was made". 23 January 2022.
  74. ^ "From Dilip Kumar's Ram Aur Shyam To Manoj Kumar's Patthar Ke Sanam – Top Box Office Grossers Of 1967". 7 May 1967.
  75. ^ "Aashirwad (1968)". Rotten Tomatoes.
  76. ^ "Hrishikesh Mukherjee's best films: Aashirwad (1969)". Rediff.com Movies. 28 August 2006. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
  77. ^ "16th National Film Awards" (PDF). Directorate of Film Festivals. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 November 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
  78. ^ "Filmfare Winners (1970)". The Times of India.
  79. ^ "Did you know Ashok Kumar crooned the first rap song of Bollywood". The Times of India. 14 October 2022.
  80. ^ "From Rajesh Khanna's Aradhana To Jeetendra's Jigri Dost – Top Bollywood Box Office Grossers Of 1969". 5 May 1969.
  81. ^ "Remembering master screenwriter Sachin Bhowmick – Death anniversary special". Archived from the original on 13 April 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  82. ^ "Satyakam: Dharmendra's career best role". www.rediff.com.
  83. ^ "Directorate of Film Festival" (PDF). Iffi.nic.in. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
  84. ^ "Hindi classics that defined the 1970s". 27 May 2020.
  85. ^ "Romancing the camera for decades". The Hindu. 15 October 2010.
  86. ^ Bhaichand Patel, ed. (2012). Bollywood's Top 20: Superstars of Indian Cinema. Penguin Books India. p. 165. ISBN 978-0670085729.
  87. ^ "আনন্দবাজার পত্রিকা - নিবন্ধ". archives.anandabazar.com. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
  88. ^ Filmfare Nominees and Winners
  89. ^ Vinod Khanna Passes Away, Box Office India, 27 April 2017
  90. ^ "United Kingdom Evolution - £100k To £4 Million Of Pathaan". Box Office India. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  91. ^ "Pakeezah". Rotten Tomatoes.
  92. ^ "You Asked It - Can Race 3 Do 300 Crore Plus?". 24 May 2018.
  93. ^ "OTT | TV | Bollywood | Hollywood - News, Reviews, Gossips". 7 August 2021.
  94. ^ Infocus - Dadamoni, Pran and Fun Times. Bangalore Mirror
  95. ^ "Blockbusters Of Twenty-Five Years (1973-1997)". 13 October 2023.
  96. ^ "Box Office 1972". Box Office India. 20 October 2013. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013.
  97. ^ "Aboard the mystery train | Cinemaexpress". Cinema Express. 22 November 2017. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. This BR Chopra directorial was based on the Christie play, The Unexpected Guest, and featured Sanjay Khan, Zeenat Aman, Danny Denzongpa, and Ashok Kumar, among others. The story is about a car-wrecked stranger knocking on the door of a damsel-in-distress who has just shot her husband. On hearing her sad tale of woe, the stranger decides to help her escape punishment.
  98. ^ Malhotra, A. p s (5 February 2015). "Prem Nagar (1974)". Thehindu.com. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  99. ^ Lokapally, Vijay (11 December 2014). "Chori Mera Kaam (1975)". The Hindu. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
  100. ^ "Mili (1975)". Rotten Tomatoes.
  101. ^ "Classics revisited: The spirit of Mili lives on". 28 March 2013.
  102. ^ "Gol Maal, Chashme Buddoor, Choti Si Baat: Revisiting Bollywood's middle class era".
  103. ^ "Best Screenplay Award". Filmfare Award Official Listings, Indiatimes. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  104. ^ "Flashback 1977 - Trade Guide Classification". 8 August 2024.
  105. ^ "Trade Guide Classification 1978".
  106. ^ "Trade Guide Classification (1980)".
  107. ^ "Trade Guide Classification (1981)".
  108. ^ "Samaresh Basu Birth Anniversary: Here Are 5 Films Based on His Novels". News18. 11 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
  109. ^ "Classics should be taken on, but correctly: Basu Chatterjee". The Times of India. 28 March 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  110. ^ "Film Informatiom Classification 1983".
  111. ^ a b c "#GoldenFrames: Pictorial Biography of Ashok Kumar, the first icon of Indian cinema!Photos - GoldenFrames-Celebs-The Times of India Photogallery". photogallery.indiatimes.com. The actor occasionally appeared on television, famously known for anchoring the first Indian soap opera Hum Log (1984-1985). Dadamoni appeared as the title character in Bahadur Shah Zafar (1986) and played the role of a detective along with his brother Anoop Kumar in Bheem-Bhawani (1990-1991).
  112. ^ "Tawaif (1985 film)". Rotten Tomatoes website. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  113. ^ "Durgaa (1985)".
  114. ^ "Trade Guide Classification (1985)".
  115. ^ "When Juhi Chawla "Kept Forgetting Her Lines" On The Sets Of BR Chopra's Bahadur Shah Zafar". 19 September 2021.
  116. ^ "Dharmendra's Unbeatable Record In 1987 With 7 Out of Top 10 Grossers". 31 January 2024.
  117. ^ Sharma, Devesh (13 August 2020). "Birthday Special: Best Sridevi Movies". Filmfare. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
  118. ^ "Film Information Classification (1988)".
  119. ^ "Real Winner With Dhadak". 25 July 2018.
  120. ^ "RETURN of JEWEL THIEF - Movie".
  121. ^ "The day we were". Filmfare. The Times Group. January 1997. Archived from the original on 4 February 1997. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
  122. ^ "Trailer — Ankhon Mein Tum Ho". 26 December 1997. Archived from the original on 6 October 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  123. ^ "ANKHON MEIN TUM HO - Movie".
  124. ^ "Iconic heroes of Bollywood". India Today. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  125. ^ "Ashok Kumar 111th birth anniversary: Must-watch films of Bollywood's first superstar". 13 October 2022.
  126. ^ Hrishikesh Mukherjee Biography Archived 15 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine on winning, the 31st Dada Saheb Phalke Award.
  127. ^ Gulzar; Nihalani, Govind; Chatterjee, Saibal (2003). Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema. Encyclopædia Britannica (India) Pvt Ltd. p. 592. ISBN 81-7991-066-0.
  128. ^ The common man lure of Hrishikesh Mukherjee's films Rediff.com.
  129. ^ Hrishikesh Mukherjee's best films Special Photo feature, Rediff.com, 28 August 2006.
  130. ^ "The eventful 1947 was a breakthrough year for Dilip Kumar, Raj Kapoor and Indian cinema".
  131. ^ "Lata, Dev Anand recall Kishore Kumar on his birth anniversary". Realbollywood.com website. 4 August 2011. Archived from the original on 23 September 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  132. ^ Akbar 1997, p. 61.
  133. ^ "Remembering Ashok Kumar on his birth anniversary: A pillar of Indian cinema". 13 October 2021.
  134. ^ "Dev Anand to Madhubala: How Ashok Kumar Gave India Some of Its Biggest Stars!". 11 October 2018.
  135. ^ "Throwback Thursday: When Raj Kapoor scolded Shammi at the airport for an ad with Ashok Kumar". 2 January 2020.
  136. ^ "75 Bollywood Actors Who Conquered Hearts Of The Millions". Outlook India. 12 August 2022. Archived from the original on 16 August 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2022.

Bibliography

edit
edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ashok Kumar.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ashok_Kumar&oldid=1259178734"