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Comment: This page seems to overlap a lot with Pregnancy-related anxiety. Would it maybe be more appropriate to add this information to that page? Also could you maybe explain the differences? IntentionallyDense (talk) 06:02, 7 September 2024 (UTC)
Anxiety during the perinatal period refers to anxiety symptoms that are appear before being pregnant, while pregnant or after giving birth:.[1]. Pregnancy and postpartum can act as a precipitating or exacerbating factor to an underlying predisposition[2]. Anxiety affects 27% of women in this period, over 1 in 5 mothers[3].
Anxiety symptoms during this period can refer to [2]:
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder: the primary symptom is excessive and uncontrollable worries about everyday situations such as the fetus or baby's health, about finances, studies, etc.
- Panic Disorder: the primary symptom is panic attacks and reacting in fear of having attacks by avoiding situations where the mother is afraid of having an attack.
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: the primary symptom is intrusive, and repetitive thoughts about the baby, about one's health, etc.
- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: it may occur if a traumatic event occurs during pregnancy, labour or delivery. It is no longer considered an anxiety disorder but still presents as distressing flashbacks or nightmares and high anxiety.
- Pregnancy-Related Anxiety: anxious symptoms pertaining solely to the pregnancy and baby.
GAD is the most common disorder in this period of life (10.5%)[4].
Presentation
editComplications
editUntreated anxiety during pregnancy is associated with increased risks for the mother, including a higher likelihood of cesarean delivery, premature labor, prolonged postnatal hospital stays, and postpartum depression [5]. It is also linked to developmental delays in the fetus and poorer mother-infant interactions after birth [6][7].
Diagnosis
editA diagnosis should only be obtained from a qualified mental health professional. These can include: doctors, psychologists, and psychiatrists[8]. A throughout evaluation process will generally include a physical exam, lab tests, and a psychological evaluation[8].
Treatment
editWhen symptoms of an anxiety disorder or Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) appear, treatment is important to prevent symptoms from getting worse or leading to other comorbid conditions such as depression[9]
While there are different types of therapy for anxiety disorders in the perinatal period[10][11], the most commonly used and scientifically supported one is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) ([12]).
CBT is a treatment that is[13]
- Structured
- Short-term
- Helps people develop practical skills for everyday life and focuses on specific goals.
Multiple scientific studies support its use for anxiety disorders in general, and more specifically in the perinatal period, and demonstrate a significant reduction of anxiety symptoms, with improvements lasting for over a year after treatment compared to control groups[14].
References
edit- ^ Mind (April 2024). "Perinatal anxiety". Mind. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
- ^ a b "Perinatal Mood and Anxiety Disorders: Diagnosis". CAMH. Retrieved 2024-09-06.
- ^ Fawcett, Emily J.; Fairbrother, Nichole; Cox, Megan L.; White, Ian R.; Fawcett, Jonathan M. (2019-07-23). "The Prevalence of Anxiety Disorders During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period: A Multivariate Bayesian Meta-Analysis". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 80 (4). doi:10.4088/JCP.18r12527. ISSN 1555-2101. PMC 6839961. PMID 31347796.
- ^ Buist, Anne; Gotman, Nathan; Yonkers, Kimberly Ann (2011). "Generalized anxiety disorder: Course and risk factors in pregnancy". Journal of Affective Disorders. 131 (1–3): 277–283. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.01.003. PMC 3095713. PMID 21269708.
- ^ Ogunyemi, Dotun; Jovanovski, Andrew; Liu, James; Friedman, Perry; Sugiyama, Nathaniel; Creps, James; Madan, Ichchha (2018). "The Contribution of Untreated and Treated Anxiety and Depression to Prenatal, Intrapartum, and Neonatal Outcomes". American Journal of Perinatology Reports. 08 (3): e146–e157. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1661379. ISSN 2157-6998. PMC 6039295. PMID 29998037.
- ^ Norhayati, M.N.; Nik Hazlina, N.H.; Asrenee, A.R.; Wan Emilin, W.M.A. (2015). "Magnitude and risk factors for postpartum symptoms: A literature review". Journal of Affective Disorders. 175: 34–52. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.12.041. PMID 25590764.
- ^ Grigoriadis, Sophie; Graves, Lisa; Peer, Miki; Mamisashvili, Lana; Tomlinson, George; Vigod, Simone N.; Dennis, Cindy-Lee; Steiner, Meir; Brown, Cara; Cheung, Amy; Dawson, Hiltrud; Rector, Neil A.; Guenette, Melanie; Richter, Margaret (2018-09-04). "Maternal Anxiety During Pregnancy and the Association With Adverse Perinatal Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 79 (5). doi:10.4088/JCP.17r12011. ISSN 1555-2101. PMID 30192449.
- ^ a b Mayo Clinic (December 13, 2022). "Mental Illness". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
- ^ Showraki, Mostafa; Showraki, Tiffany; Brown, Kimberly (2020). "Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Revisited". Psychiatric Quarterly. 91 (3): 905–914. doi:10.1007/s11126-020-09747-0. ISSN 0033-2720. PMID 32383134.
- ^ Peters, Rosie-Mae; Waters, Allison M. (2014-05-01). "Intensive Treatments for Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Children and Adolescents". Psychopathology Review. a1 (1): 209–214. doi:10.5127/pr.033113. ISSN 2051-8315.
- ^ Hunot, Vivien; Churchill, Rachel; Teixeira, Vanessa; Silva de Lima, Mauricio (2007-01-24). Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Group (ed.). "Psychological therapies for generalised anxiety disorder". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (6): CD001848. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001848.pub4. PMC 7025441. PMID 17253466.
- ^ Carpenter, Joseph K.; Andrews, Leigh A.; Witcraft, Sara M.; Powers, Mark B.; Smits, Jasper A. J.; Hofmann, Stefan G. (2018). "Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and related disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials". Depression and Anxiety. 35 (6): 502–514. doi:10.1002/da.22728. ISSN 1091-4269. PMC 5992015. PMID 29451967.
- ^ Jackson, Sonja (2008), "Michael J. Lambert (Ed.): Bergin and Garfield's handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change", Einhundert Meisterwerke der Psychotherapie, Vienna: Springer Vienna, pp. 121–122, doi:10.1007/978-3-211-69499-2_57, ISBN 978-3-211-25214-7, retrieved 2024-09-06
- ^ van Dis, Eva A. M.; van Veen, Suzanne C.; Hagenaars, Muriel A.; Batelaan, Neeltje M.; Bockting, Claudi L. H.; van den Heuvel, Rinske M.; Cuijpers, Pim; Engelhard, Iris M. (2020-03-01). "Long-term Outcomes of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety-Related Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". JAMA Psychiatry. 77 (3): 265–273. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.3986. ISSN 2168-622X. PMC 6902232. PMID 31758858.