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Comment: needs many references,thank you Ozzie10aaaa (talk) 23:31, 29 September 2024 (UTC)
There are several forms of BK polyomavirus disease. They span from mild respiratory infections and severe organ damage after viral reactivation in immunocompromised patients, to cancer-related conditions, including head and neck cancer and urologic cancer.[1]
BK virus reactivation
editBK virus infection is usually asymptomatic in healthy people but may reactivate in immunocompromised patients, such as after organ transplantation or HIV/AIDS infection. This reactivation can lead to urinary tract disease.[2]
After transplantation
editRenal or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients have impaired immune response due to the use of potent immunosuppressive medication and anti-rejection treatment. These patients can get BK virus reactivation. However, in some patients BKV is reactivated but the patients do not develop disease until the viral load is significantly high.The main complications of BKV reactivation are BK polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (BKVAN), ureteral stricture, and haemorrhagic cystitis, which can lead to kidney failure.[citation needed]
BK polyomavirus-associated nephropathy
editBKV-associated nephropathy (BKVAN) significantly increases the risk of transplanted kidney loss after kidney transplantation. [2] Diagnosis of BKVAN often requires a kidney biopsy but can also be suspected when BK viremia persistently exceeds 1 × 104 copies/ml. Other markers, are allograft dysfunction. BKVAN can produce histological cytopathic changes affecting tubular epithelial cells, characterized by nuclear enlargement and basophilic viral inclusions. Acute cellular rejection may be misdiagnosed due to tubular cell injury and associated interstitial inflammation. [2] Persistent BKVAN can lead to renal parenchymal scarring with progressive tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis. BKV reactivation and BKVAN in recipients of non-renal solid organ transplants is less common.[citation needed]
Haemorrhagic cystitis
editHaemorrhagic cystitis is a common complication in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. [3] Some patients with severe disease have to suffer a long period of frequent, urgent, and painful urination.[citation needed]
HIV/AIDS patients
editAIDS patients can get BK virus reactivation due to immunodeficiency. BKV has been linked to HIV-associated salivary gland disease.[4] This disease is associated with increased lymphoma incidence.[citation needed]
BK virus in cancer
editThe association of BK virus and cancer is rare. However, BKV has been linked to urological tumors, such as prostate and bladder cancer as well as head and neck cancers. It is unknown whether BK virus acts as the main factor or co-factor in tumorigenesis. The mechanism of tumorigenesis is thought to be via viral gene integration into host cells and disruption of cell cycle and apoptosis.[citation needed]
Kidney transplant recipients who develop viremia have a higher risk of bladder cancer.[5]
BK virus has also been associated with prostate cancer.[6] The mechanism of tumorigenesis could relate to the functional viral protein Large T antigen and possible inhibition of host regulatory protein p53.[citation needed]
Recently, BK virus has been associated with brain malignancies. Large T antigen sequences were detected in brain tumor tissues.[7]
Papillary thyroid carcinoma has also been linked to BKV by discovering Large T antigen in the biopsy samples.[8]
Oral squamous cell carcinomas can contain BK virus DNA but the causality is unknown.[9]
References
edit- ^ Zhou, Xianfeng; Zhu, Chunlong; Li, Hui (2023-09-13). "BK polyomavirus: latency, reactivation, diseases and tumorigenesis". Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 13. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2023.1263983. ISSN 2235-2988. PMC 10525381. PMID 37771695.
- ^ a b c Ambalathingal, George R.; Francis, Ross S.; Smyth, Mark J.; Smith, Corey; Khanna, Rajiv (April 2017). "BK Polyomavirus: Clinical Aspects, Immune Regulation, and Emerging Therapies". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 30 (2): 503–528. doi:10.1128/CMR.00074-16. ISSN 0893-8512. PMC 5355639. PMID 28298471.
- ^ Shen, Biao; Ma, Yueshen; Zhang, Haixiao; Wang, Mingyang; Liu, Jia; Cao, Jiaxin; Guo, Wenwen; Feng, Dan; Yang, Donglin; Zhang, Rongli; Chen, Xin; Ma, Qiaoling; Zhai, Weihua; Feng, Sizhou; Han, Mingzhe (April 2022). "Risk factors associated with hemorrhagic cystitis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation". Blood Science. 4 (2): 83–88. doi:10.1097/BS9.0000000000000110. ISSN 2543-6368. PMC 9362868. PMID 35957667.
- ^ Jeffers, L.; Webster-Cyriaque, J.Y. (April 2011). "Viruses and Salivary Gland Disease (SGD): Lessons from HIV SGD". Advances in Dental Research. 23 (1): 79–83. doi:10.1177/0022034510396882. ISSN 0895-9374. PMC 3144046. PMID 21441486.
- ^ Liu, Sandy; Chaudhry, Muhammad R.; Berrebi, Alexander A.; Papadimitriou, John C.; Drachenberg, Cinthia B.; Haririan, Abdolreza; Alexiev, Borislav A. (June 2017). "Polyomavirus Replication and Smoking Are Independent Risk Factors for Bladder Cancer After Renal Transplantation". Transplantation. 101 (6): 1488–1494. doi:10.1097/TP.0000000000001260. ISSN 0041-1337. PMID 27232933.
- ^ Gorish, Babbiker Mohammed Taher; Ournasseir, Mohammed Elfatih Hussein; Shammat, Iman Mohammed (December 2019). "A correlation study of BK Polyoma Virus infection and prostate Cancer among Sudanese patients - immunofluorescence and molecular based case-control study". Infectious Agents and Cancer. 14 (1): 25. doi:10.1186/s13027-019-0244-7. ISSN 1750-9378. PMC 6751814. PMID 31548852.
- ^ Starrett, Gabriel J; Buck, Christopher B (December 2019). "The case for BK polyomavirus as a cause of bladder cancer". Current Opinion in Virology. 39: 8–15. doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2019.06.009. PMC 6901737. PMID 31336246.
- ^ Tarharoudi, Rahil; Sari, Soyar; Sakhaee, Fatemeh; Vaziri, Farzam; Rahimi Jamnani, Fatemeh; Siadat, Seyed Davar; Fateh, Abolfazl (December 2022). "BK polyomavirus in Iranian patients with papillary thyroid cancer: Is it a major future challenge?". Journal of Medical Virology. 94 (12): 6023–6027. doi:10.1002/jmv.28047. ISSN 0146-6615. PMID 35927225.
- ^ Polz, Dorota; Morshed, Kamal; Stec, Agnieszka; Podsiadło, Łukasz; Polz-Dacewicz, Małgorzata (2015-02-24). "Do polyomavirus hominis strains BK and JC play a role in oral squamous cell carcinoma?". Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine. 22 (1): 106–109. doi:10.5604/12321966.1141378. ISSN 1232-1966. PMID 25780838.