Biohybrid devices are innovative systems that seamlessly integrate biological components, such as cells, tissues, or organs, with synthetic materials. These hybrid systems leverage the unique properties of both biological and synthetic elements to create new functionalities that neither could achieve alone. By combining the biological with the artificial, biohybrid devices aim to mimic, enhance, or even surpass natural biological functions.[1]
Significance
editBiohybrid devices can revolutionize medical treatments by providing more effective and less invasive options. For example, biohybrid organs and tissues can replace damaged parts, offering better biocompatibility and functionality than purely synthetic implants.[2] In robotics, biohybrid devices enable the creation of soft robots that can perform delicate tasks with precision. These robots, often referred to as "bio-bots," can integrate living muscle tissues with synthetic frameworks to achieve movements and functions similar to natural organisms.[3] Biohybrid sensors can detect environmental pollutants with high sensitivity, aiding in pollution monitoring and environmental protection efforts.[4] Precision farming can benefit from biohybrid devices that monitor plant health and soil conditions, leading to more efficient and sustainable agricultural practices.[5]
Historical Context and Development
editEarly Research
editThe foundation of biohybrid devices can be traced back to early research in biomaterials and bioelectronics. Biomaterials research focused on developing materials that could interact with biological systems without causing adverse reactions. Bioelectronics explored the interface between biological systems and electronic devices, leading to the development of technologies such as biosensors and bioelectronic implants.[6]
One of the pioneering efforts in biomaterials was the development of biocompatible polymers and hydrogels in the mid-20th century. These materials were designed to interact with biological tissues without causing inflammation or rejection, paving the way for their use in medical implants and tissue engineering.[1]
Milestones
editFirst Biohybrid Robots
editFirst Biohybrid Robots In 2007, researchers from the University of Illinois and Northwestern University created one of the first biohybrid robots. This tiny robot, also known as a "bio-bot," used living muscle cells from a rat heart to power its movement. The bio-bot demonstrated how biological tissues could be integrated with synthetic structures to create functional devices.[7]
Biohybrid Medical Implants
editThe development of biohybrid heart valves represents a significant milestone in medical applications. These valves, which combine synthetic materials with biological tissues, offer improved durability and biocompatibility compared to traditional mechanical or bioprosthetic valves. This advancement has greatly enhanced the treatment options for patients with heart valve diseases.[8][9]
Retinal Implants
editIn 2013, the first commercially available retinal implant, the Argus II, was approved for use in the United States and Europe. This biohybrid device combines a microelectronic array with retinal tissue to restore partial vision to individuals with certain types of blindness. The success of the Argus II highlighted the potential of biohybrid devices in restoring lost sensory functions.[10]
Biohybrid Muscles for Soft Robotics
editIn recent years, advancements in tissue engineering have enabled the creation of biohybrid muscles for soft robotics. Researchers have developed bio-bots that use living muscle cells to achieve complex movements, demonstrating the potential of biohybrid devices in creating lifelike robotic systems.[11][12]
References
edit- ^ a b Zhou, Nanjia; Ma, Liang (January 1, 2022). "Smart bioelectronics and biomedical devices". Bio-Design and Manufacturing. 5 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1007/s42242-021-00179-8. PMC 8759059. PMID 35043079 – via Springer Link.
- ^ "Biohybrid systems: Borrowing from nature to make better machines".
- ^ Lin, Zening; Jiang, Tao; Shang, Jianzhong (January 1, 2022). "The emerging technology of biohybrid micro-robots: a review". Bio-Design and Manufacturing. 5 (1): 107–132. doi:10.1007/s42242-021-00135-6 – via Springer Link.
- ^ "Biohybrid systems".
- ^ Webster-Wood, Victoria (August 9, 2016). "Biohybrid robots built from living tissue start to take shape". The Conversation.
- ^ "Advances in Soft Bioelectronics for Brain Research and Clinical Neuroengineering: Matter".
- ^ Conocimiento, Ventana al (October 21, 2019). "Biohybrid robots, the next step in the robotic revolution".
- ^ Horejs, Christine-Maria (May 4, 2023). "Biohybrid neural implant". Nature Reviews Bioengineering. 1 (5): 312. doi:10.1038/s44222-023-00065-1 – via www.nature.com.
- ^ "Cells, scaffolds and bioreactors for tissue-engineered heart valves: a journey from basic concepts to contemporary developmental innovations".
- ^ "Retina Prosthesis - EyeWiki". eyewiki.aao.org.
- ^ Heater, Brian (April 10, 2024). "Muscle tissue harvested from mice cells move 'biohybrid' robots". TechCrunch.
- ^ "MIT engineers design flexible "skeletons" for soft, muscle-powered robots". MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. April 8, 2024.