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Comment: Where are your references? One reference is wholly insufficient 🇺🇦 FiddleTimtrent FaddleTalk to me 🇺🇦 22:28, 1 November 2023 (UTC)
Overview and Map
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This article deals specifically with the destruction of German literature and similar, identity-forming works in the USA in relation to WW1 and not with the general anti-Germanism before, during or after.
During the First World War in the USA there were numerous anti-German attacks on people and property.
Causes and similarities
editThe widespread resentment against newly immigrated groups, which was directed not only against Germans but also Irish, Italians, Catholics, Jews, Chinese etc. (keyword: Know Nothing Party), formed the basis that after the beginning of the First World War was used to "solve the problem with the German language" by incited MOBs. Although there were occasional courageous dissenting voices (by headmasters or e.g. in the press), the majority remained mute because of the practiced lynch "justice" or participated fanatically in the book burnings. School break-ins and subsequent book burnings were perpetrated with conspicuous frequency by pupils or "unknowns", often after they had previously protested against the continuation of German lessons in the class. One can presume that the students hoped that their actions would also reduce their expenses for the rest of the school year. Despite the dissenting voices, important events repeatedly triggered waves of book burnings, which - possibly also centrally controlled - were fueled by external people and organizations.
As special events were named the entry of the USA into the war, the armistice with the German Empire and ship sinkings (Tuscania (troop transporter;1918); Lusitania (arms transporter with among other things US passengers as "meat shields" 1915), etc.).
Some individuals explicitly stepped forward in calling for book burnings e.g. various Superintendents and James Pershing (brother of Gen. John J. Pershing; " I want to see every German newspaper in America confiscated and every German text book burned.”).
Also companies, e.g. the "Anaconda Copper Mining Company" (A.C.M.; in Butte, Montana) were or are suspected of being involved in the anti-German book burnings for economic reasons. Presumably, American companies also incited paid murderers and lynch mobs against trade unionists, socialists and opponents of the war in the period between 1914 and 1918 (Frank Little (unionist); Robert Prager). Since the German-speaking workforce has traditionally brought higher or larger sections of the population more comprehensive school education from "the fatherland", hostility on the part of the companies towards the "educational culture" of the workers is obvious.
Even if fear of disloyalty and demonstrating one's own loyalty were frequently cited as the motive for the book burnings, one can assume that the German "educational culture" was viewed by large parts of the US population as snooty to autocratic, at least behind closed doors . Statements by various US Presidents up to 1945 in this regard are known.
A clear lever against German as a language and German literature was the propaganda denigration as "Hun language" or "Teuton language" ("teutonic books"). For this purpose, the allegedly martial character of the so-called "Hun Speech" by Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1900 (the authenticity of which is highly disputed) was projected onto the language as a whole. Unexplained and surprising despite reprisals is that the "German=Hun" propaganda caught on so well, although the educated class of the population saw the atrocities of other states (Boer War<->concentration camps; Russian Empire<->Circassian genocide; UK-Benin War; Belgian Congo-Freestate<->quasi-slavery; etc.) were known and could serve as a reference.
It is also scientifically unclear to what extent it is likely that the massive book burnings in the USA (and France) in 1914-1918 had a decisive influence on the book burnings that began in 1933 in the Third Reich.
This article inevitably only gives an incomplete overview of the number of book burnings and the extent of the burned books, documents, pictures, etc., since not every book burning was reported on and not all newspaper reports are freely accessible. There is a survivorship bias in the data. Given that entire US states have condescendingly enacted book burnings, one can expect many more incidents in many more communities.
Addendum: A special event are the book burnings in Menominee High School. While other incidents were only reported once or over a maximum of 1-2 months, the reporting regarding Menominee High School spanned the months of May to November. In this case, an alleged revenge action on the school took place. It is possible that the extensive reporting was used to track down supposed "Hun sympathizers" who could then be dealt with by the lynch mob or the dysfunctional "judiciary". Nothing is known of other supposed or real acts of revenge.
List of book burnings
edit| Event No. | when | where-community | where-state | burning location | media origin | media types | scope | initiator and culprit | spec. witnesses / participants / opponents | source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Winter 1917-1918 | Washburn County | Wisconsin | <unknown> | High school | books | german text books | <unknown> | <unknown> | The Manitowoc pilot. [volume], June 06, 1918, page 3 [1] Iron County news. [volume], June 08, 1918, page 7 [2] |
| 2 | before/after 07.09.1918 | Haverhill | Massachusetts | <unknown> | school | books | german text books | school board | <unknown> | The Barre daily times., September 07, 1918, page 4 [4] |
| 3 | at 28.03.1918 | Iowa state | <unknown> | all schools in Iowa | books | every german book | A. M. Deyoe, state superintendent | <unknown> | The daily Gate City and constitution-Democrat., March 28, 1918, page 6 [5] | |
| 4 | before 11.05.1918 | Montana state | <unknown> | public libraries and schools | books | every german book | defence council of Montana | <unknown> | Freie Presse für Texas. [volume], May 11, 1918, page 1 [6] | |
| 5 | after 03.07.1918 | Oklahoma state | <unknown> | school library | books | german books and literatur | superintendent R. H. Wilson | superintendent of city and county | Tulsa daily world. [volume], July 03, 1918, FINAL EDITION, page 2 [7] | |
| 6 | before 02.05.1918 | Amboy | Minnesota | school yard | public schools | books | german text books („great part“) | students | teacher J. T. Hanson | Der Nordstern. [volume], May 02, 1918, page 6 [8] |
| 7 | at 09.04.1918 | Ansonia | Ohio | <unknown> | school | books | every german text book | citizens | <unknown> | The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume], April 09, 1918, page 15 [9] Fulton County tribune., April 19, 1918, page 2 [10] |
| 8 | at 13.06.1918 | Baraboo | Wisconsin | city (intersection Oak and Second street) | High school | books | german text books (considerable number) | students („class of ´18“); Hugh Kelley (school caretaker) |
Miss Christian Wright; H. H. Coates, (caretaker); |
Baraboo weekly news. [volume], June 13, 1918, page 1 [11] Grant County herald. [volume], June 26, 1918, page 3 [12] |
| 9 | before 09.05.1918 | Baraboo | Wisconsin | <unknown> | High school | books | german books | HUGH KELLEY (school caretaker) | <unknown> | Baraboo weekly news. [volume], May 09, 1918, page 9 [14] Baraboo weekly news. [volume], May 30, 1918, page 10 [15] |
| 10 | at 27.02.1918 | Bayfield | Wisconsin | school boiler room | High school | books | every german text book | <unknown> | <unknown> | Baraboo weekly news. [volume], February 28, 1918, page 10 [16] Grant County herald. [volume], March 06, 1918, page 6 [17] |
| 11 | before 02.05.1918 | Bowling Green | Ohio | <unknown> | High school | books | german text books | students | <unknown> | The Greenville journal. [volume], May 02, 1918, page 3 [18] Fulton County tribune., May 10, 1918, page 3 [19] |
| 12 | after 16.05.1918 | Bridgeton | New Jersey | <unknown> | <unknown> | books | every german text book | city council; council member Wiliam B. Holmes |
school board | The Monmouth inquirer. [volume], May 16, 1918, page 6 [21] |
| 13 | at 11.05.1918 | Butte | Montana | <unknown> | school library | books | every german book | school board | <unknown> | The Meridian times., May 10, 1918, page 3 [22] The Montana nonpartisan. [volume], December 21, 1918, page 4 [23] |
| 14 | at 27.04 1918 | Butte | Montana | town center | school libraries; (maybe also public and private libraries) |
books | every german book | MOB (presumably agitated by „Anaconda Copper Mining Company“, Butte)) | libraries trustees | Daily capital journal., May 03, 1918, page 4 [24] The Montana nonpartisan. [volume], December 21, 1918, page 4 [25] |
| 15 | at 04.07.1918 | Cape Girardeau | Missouri | <unknown> | town | books | every german literature | students | <unknown> | Monroe City Democrat., June 28, 1918, page 6 [27] |
| 16 | at 16.04.1918 | Carmen | Oklahoma | <unknown> | some schools | books | every german book | students | citizens | Freie Presse für Texas. [volume], April 18, 1918, page 2 [28] |
| 17 | at 26.04.1918 | Cedar Falls | Iowa | <unknown> | <unknown> | books, etc | german text books and literature | <unknown> | <unknown> | Evening times-Republican. [volume], April 25, 1918, page 2 [29] |
| 18 | after 05.04.1918 | Cleveland | Ohio | <unknown> | public collection | books, documents, |
german text books, literature, war screens, music, phonograph records and pictures | MOB („movement“) | <unknown> | Every evening, Wilmington daily commercial., April 05, 1918, LAST EDITION, page 5 [30] The Celina Democrat., April 12, 1918, page 4 [31] |
| 19 | at 30.04.1918 | Clinton | Iowa | „north steps“ of the school | High school | books | every german book | students | fire brigade | Rock Island Argus., April 30, 1918, page 1 [32] The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume], June 15, 1918, page 11 [33] |
| 20 | before 16.05.1918 | Columbus Grove | Ohio | town center | <unknown> | books | every german book | students | <unknown> | The Greenville journal. [volume], May 16, 1918, page 3 [34] Fulton County tribune., May 24, 1918, page 2 [35] |
| 21 | at 10.06.1918 | Council Bluffs | Iowa | "Gibraltar"-cliff behind the school | High school | books | every german (text )book (1000 volumes) | Stymest Stevenson; school board; |
citizens; superintendent Saam |
Omaha daily bee., June 11, 1918, page 2 [36] Evening times-Republican. [volume], May 08, 1918, page 1 [37] |
| 22 | before 24.06.1918 | Council Bluffs | Iowa | school yard | town | books | german text books (thousends) | fire brigade | <unknown> | Webster City freeman. [volume], June 24, 1918, page 1 [39] |
| 23 | at 01.05.1918 | Davenport | Iowa | school yard | Polk school, 1212 West Eighth street | books | german books (~ 50 reference books; value: $50) | students (4 ) | <unknown> | Rock Island Argus., May 03, 1918, page 16 [40] |
| 24 | at 28.04.1918 | Denison | Iowa | <unknown> | school | books | every german text book | <unknown> | <unknown> | Omaha daily bee., April 29, 1918, page 5 [41] |
| 25 | before 05.10.1918 | Duluth | Minnesota | <unknown> | public collection | books | german books | citizens | <unknown> | The Duluth rip-saw. [volume], October 05, 1918, page 1 [42] |
| 26 | before 24.04.1918 | East Waterloo Township | Iowa | in the streets | High school | books | german books | students | <unknown> | Evening times-Republican. [volume], April 24, 1918, page 12 [43] Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume], April 26, 1918, page 2 [44] |
| 27 | before 24.06.1918 | Erick | Oklahoma | at the foot of the municipal flag pole | public collection | books | every german book (in the city) | MOB („large number of citizens and high school students“) | <unknown> | The Daily Ardmoreite. [volume], June 24, 1918, page 3 [46] |
| 28 | before 11.04.1918 | FINDLAY | Ohio | <unknown> | <unknown> | books | german text books | <unknown> | music bands | The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume], April 11, 1918, page 2 [47] |
| 29 | before 18.04.1918 | FINDLAY | Ohio | town center | High school and college; libraries of the citizens |
books | german text books (hundreds) | citizens | citizens („hundreds“ ... and bands) | The Greenville journal. [volume], April 18, 1918, page 3 [48] Fulton County tribune., April 26, 1918, page 2 [49] |
| 30 | at 05.04.1918 | Florence | Montana | <unknown> | Florence-Carlton High school | books | every german text book | students ( nearly 20 ) | <unknown> | The Daily Missoulian. [volume], April 11, 1918, page 2 [52] |
| 31 | at 29.08.1918 | Fort Morgan | Colorado | main street | High school | books | german text books (giant bonfire) | <unknown> | citizens (> 3000 ) | El Paso herald., August 30, 1918, HOME EDITION, page 7 [53] |
| 32 | at 27.04.1918 | Freeport | West Virginia | <unknown> | public schools; private libraries |
books | german text books and a great amount further german works | citizens | <unknown> | The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume], May 01, 1918, page 3 [54] |
| 33 | before 25.04.1918 | Fremont | Iowa | school yard | High school | books | german books | <unknown> | <unknown> | The Oskaloosa herald., April 25, 1918, page 2 [55] |
| 34 | before 30.05.1918 | Garland | Wyoming | <unknown> | <unknown> | books | german text books ( 4(+) volumes) | students (4 ) | Prof. J. Richards (principal of the public schools at Garland) | The Saratoga sun., May 30, 1918, page 6 [56] The Saratoga sun., June 06, 1918, page 6 [57] |
| 35 | before 30.05.1918 | Garland | Wyoming | <unknown> | High school | books | every german text book | MOB („party of citizens“) | Prof. J. Richards (principal of the public schools at Garland) | The Saratoga sun., May 30, 1918, page 6 [58] The Saratoga sun., June 06, 1918, page 6 [59] |
| 36 | at 23.02.1918 | Gladbrook | Iowa | city park | school library and public schools | books | every german book | <unknown> | citizens | Evening times-Republican. [volume], February 27, 1918, page 4 [60] Audubon Republican. [volume], March 07, 1918, page 7 [61] |
| 37 | at 05.03.1918 | Grand Island | Nebraska | <unknown> | High school | books | german books(> 300 volumes) | <unknown> | <unknown> | Omaha daily bee., March 06, 1918, page 8 [62] Dakota County herald., March 14, 1918, page 6 [63] |
| 38 | before 06.06.1918 | Grantsburg | Wisconsin | <unknown> | High school | books | german text books | <unknown> | MOB („Loyalty legion of Grandsburg“ ) | The Manitowoc pilot. [volume], June 06, 1918, page 3 [67] Iron County news. [volume], June 08, 1918, page 7 [68] |
| 39 | at 11.04.1918 | Greenfield | Iowa | <unknown> | High school | books, documents |
every german (text )book; number of valuable papers |
<unknown> | <unknown> | Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume], April 16, 1918, page 8 [70] Evening times-Republican. [volume], April 13, 1918, page 4 [71] |
| 40 | at 13.04.1918 | Greenfield | Iowa | <unknown> | High school | songs | german songs from song books | <unknown> | <unknown> | Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume], April 16, 1918, page 8 [72] |
| 41 | before 16.07.1918 | GREYBULL | Wyoming | in the streets | <unknown> | books | german text books (heaps) | <unknown> | draftees; citizens („hundreds“) |
Casper daily tribune. [volume], July 16, 1918, page 3 [73] |
| 42 | at 18.03.1918 | Groton | South Dakota | in front of the school building | High school | books | every german text book | students | <unknown> | The Madison daily leader. [volume], March 22, 1918, page 3 [74] |
| 43 | at 08.04.1918 | Grundy Center | Iowa | <unknown> | High school | books | every german text book | students | superintendent | Evening times-Republican. [volume], April 10, 1918, page 3 [75] |
| 44 | after 12.07.1918 | Hooper | Nebraska | <unknown> | some schools | books | german text books | „home guards“ | a band; Dr. E. D. Hall aus Fremont |
Omaha daily bee., July 12, 1918, page 4 [76] Omaha daily bee., July 14, 1918, page 5 [77] |
| 45 | at 12.05.1918 | Hotchkiss | Colorado | <unknown> | High school | books | every german book | MOB („Some fellow“) | <unknown> | Gunnison news-champion. [volume], May 17, 1918, page 2 [78] |
| 46 | before 12.04.1918 | Iroquois | South Dakota | <unknown> | school | books | german text books ( 25(+) volumes) | students (25 ) | <unknown> | The Madison daily leader. [volume], April 12, 1918, page 2 [79] Sioux County pioneer., April 18, 1918, page 2 [80] |
| 47 | at 04.07.1918 | Jackson | Missouri | <unknown> | town | books | every german literature | students | <unknown> | Monroe City Democrat., June 28, 1918, page 6 [84] |
| 48 | before 24.05.1918 | Janesville | Wisconsin | in the streets | High school | books | german text books | MOB („a citizens’ committee“) | school authorities; city council |
Wauwatosa news. [volume], May 24, 1918, page 1 [85] Vernon County censor. [volume], May 29, 1918, page 7 [86] |
| 49 | before 13.05.1915 | Johannesburg | South african Union | <unknown> | General Mining Corporation | books, documents |
all the books, records and accessible papers of the company | MOB | <unknown> | Detroiter Abend-Post., May 13, 1915, page 1 [93] Evening times-Republican. [volume], May 13, 1915, page 1 [94] |
| 50 | before 03.10.1918 | Le Claire | Iowa | <unknown> | town | books | german literature (hundreds of pounds) | <unknown> | <unknown> | The Oskaloosa herald., October 03, 1918, page 3 [102] |
| 51 | before 03.10.1918 | Le Claire | Iowa | <unknown> | town | books | german song books (some heaps) | <unknown> | <unknown> | The Oskaloosa herald., October 03, 1918, page 3 [103] |
| 52 | at 29.04.1918 | Letts | Iowa | <unknown> | school | books | german text books | students | <unknown> | Evening times-Republican. [volume], May 03, 1918, page 3 [104] |
| 53 | at 27.03.1918 | Lewistown | Montana | business destrict | High school | books | every german text book | MOB | <unknown> | The Ogden standard. [volume], March 28, 1918, 3:30 P.M. CITY EDITION, page 2 [105] The Fargo forum and daily republican. [volume], March 28, 1918, page 4 [106] |
| 54 | after 18.04.1918 | Locust Grove Township | Iowa | <unknown> | german Lutherian parish | books | german song books | <unknown> | <unknown> | The Oskaloosa herald., April 18, 1918, page 1 [108] |
| 55 | at 29.04.1918 | Maquoketa | Iowa | <unknown> | <unknown> | books | german books | students (18 ) | <unknown> | Evening times-Republican. [volume], May 03, 1918, page 3 [109] |
| 56 | before 08.08.1918 | Marinette | Wisconsin | <unknown> | Menominee High school | books | german text books | <unknown> | <unknown> | The Wahpeton times. [volume], August 08, 1918, page 6 [110] The Celina Democrat., August 09, 1918, page 5 [111] |
| 57 | before 18.04.1918 | Maxwell | Nebraska | <unknown> | some schools | books | every german text book | MOB („Acting upon a suggestion made by tho local paper, the Telepost, citizens of Maxwell and vicinity“) | <unknown> | The Red Cloud chief. [volume], April 18, 1918, page 6 [135] |
| 58 | after 20.10.1917 | Medford | Oregon | <unknown> | some schools | books | german text books (all copies of „Dawn of American History in Europe“, Prof. William Lewis Nida) | <unknown> | superintendent Hillis | The evening herald., October 20, 1917, page 1 [136] Rogue River courier., October 21, 1917, DAILY EDITION, page 1 [137] |
| 59 | at 07.06.1918 | Menominee | Michigan | school yard | schools | books | german text books (400 volumes) | school board | Chief Collins (FD) | The Manitowoc pilot. [volume], May 30, 1918, page 7 [139] Ladysmith news-budget. [volume], May 31, 1918, City Edition, page 5 [140] |
| 60 | at 17.06.1918 | Menominee | Michigan | school yards | public schools; (suggested: public collection) |
books, phonograph records, pictures | german text books; (private german books, phonograph records and pictures) |
school board; (all citizens) |
parade visitors; a band; |
Grand Forks herald. [volume], June 17, 1918, page 5 [149] The Bismarck tribune. [volume], July 13, 1918, page 3 [150] |
| 61 | before 08.02.1918 | Milford | Nebraska | school yard | school | books | every german book | <unknown> | <unknown> | The courier-index., February 08, 1918, page 11 [153] |
| 62 | after 12.07.1918 | Monroe | Wisconsin | <unknown> | school(s) | books | every german book | school board | citizens („thousends“) | Wauwatosa news. [volume], July 12, 1918, page 1 [154] Eagle River review. [volume], July 12, 1918, page 2 [155] |
| 63 | at 18.02.1918 | Montezuma | Iowa | <unknown> | High school | books | every german text book | students | <unknown> | Evening times-Republican. [volume], February 19, 1918, page 1 [160] |
| 64 | before 13.04.1918 | Moose Lake | Minnesota | <unknown> | High school | books | every german text book | <unknown> | <unknown> | The Washington herald. [volume], April 13, 1918, page 1 [161] Washington Journal. [volume], April 19, 1918, page 8 [162] |
| 65 | at 28.04.1918 | Mountain Grove | Missouri | <unknown> | school | books | every german text book | students | war exhibit train | The Evening Missourian. [volume], April 29, 1918, page 4 [163] |
| 66 | at 09.05.1918 | North Platt | Nebraska | building lot in the citys south | High school | books | german text books (700 pieces) | MOB („score of citizens“) | <unknown> | Omaha daily bee., May 11, 1918, NEWS SECTION, page 4 [164] |
| 67 | before 18.04.1918 | Norwalk | Ohio | central square | High school | books | german books | students (75) | <unknown> | The Greenville journal. [volume], April 18, 1918, page 3 [165] Fulton County tribune., April 26, 1918, page 2 [166] |
| 68 | at 17.07.1918 | Norwich | New York | <unknown> | High school | books, etc | every german book and trinket | James E. Hawkhurst; Roscoe Merrill; |
<unknown> | New-York tribune. [volume], July 18, 1918, page 5 [168] |
| 69 | before 21.05.1918 | Oakland | Nebraska | central square | <unknown> | books | every german text book | <unknown> | Home Guards | Omaha daily bee., May 21, 1918, page 4 [169] |
| 70 | before 02.01.1918 | Pittsburgh | Pennsylvania | <unknown> | public schools | books | german text books (value: $3,500) | school board | superintendent W.M. Davidson | The sun. [volume], January 03, 1918, page 8 [170] |
| 71 | before 11.04.1918 | Port Clinton | Ohio | <unknown> | <unknown> | books | every german book | students | <unknown> | The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume], April 11, 1918, page 2 [171] |
| 72 | at 11.04.1918 | Proctor | Minnesota | <unknown> | High school; Großloge |
books, songs | every german book; german songs in song books |
MOB („about 200 citizens of Proctor“) | Constable McTaggart | The Duluth rip-saw. [volume], April 20, 1918, page 3 [172] |
| 73 | before 15.04.1916 | provinces; small towns |
France | french provinces | public libraries | books | every german book | towns authorities | <unknown> | El Paso herald., April 15, 1916, HOME EDITION, Cable News and Auto Section, page 15 [173] |
| 74 | at 11.11.1918 | Putnam | Connecticut | <unknown> | <unknown> | books | german text book („"Im Vaterland” 1910 Paul Valentine Bacon“; a number of) | MOB („Representatives of each school“) | students(all; nearly 1000); Victory Day parade visitors; |
Putnam patriot. [volume], November 15, 1918, page 6 [174] |
| 75 | at 04.02.1918 | Richmond | Indiana | before the school building (near Eighth and Main street) | <unknown> | books, documents | German books and documents (great number) | <unknown> | citizens („thousends“, attendees of the local war conference) | The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume], February 05, 1918, page 1 [175] South Bend news-times., February 06, 1918, EVENING EDITION, page 3 [176] |
| 76 | after 03.04.1918 | Roberts | Wisconsin | <unknown> | school | books | every German text book | school board | schools principal | Grant County herald. [volume], April 03, 1918, page 6 [177] |
| 77 | before 14.08.1917 | São Paulo | Brasilien | <unknown> | „Diario Allemao" ("German News Paper"; ger.:"Deutsche Zeitung") | books | every german book (the big anthologies too) | MOB | <unknown> | Tägliche Omaha tribüne. [volume], August 14, 1917, page 7 [178] |
| 78 | at 18.04.1918 | Sedgwick County | Colorado | <unknown> | High school | books, etc | every german book and every german literature | news paper „Grit-Advocate“ | <unknown> | The Julesburg grit-advocate., April 18, 1918, page 2 [179] |
| 79 | at 04.07.1918 | Shawnee | Oklahoma | <unknown> | school library | books | german books and literatur | superintendent R. H. Wilson | superintendents of city and county | Tulsa daily world. [volume], July 03, 1918, FINAL EDITION, page 2 [180] |
| 80 | before 11.04.1918 | SHELBY | West Virginia | <unknown> | <unknown> | books | german text books | students | <unknown> | The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume], April 11, 1918, page 2 [181] |
| 81 | before 10.04.1918 | Shell Lake | Wisconsin | on public square | High schools | books | every german text book | citizens | children | Grant County herald. [volume], April 10, 1918, page 4 [182] The Manitowoc pilot. [volume], April 11, 1918, page 7 [183] |
| 82 | at 29.04.1918 | Sioux City | Iowa | athletic field | Music-conservatory of Morningside college | books | german song books (nearly 100 volumes) | students | <unknown> | Rock Island Argus., April 30, 1918, page 1 [184] The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume], June 15, 1918, page 9 [185] |
| 83 | before 10.04.1918 | Spooner | Wisconsin | on public square | High schools | books | every german text book | citizens | children | Grant County herald. [volume], April 10, 1918, page 4 [190] The Manitowoc pilot. [volume], April 11, 1918, page 7 [191] |
| 84 | at 12.03.1918 | State Center | Iowa | school yard | High school | books | every german text book | students (15 or 20) | <unknown> | Evening times-Republican. [volume], March 13, 1918, page 8 [192] |
| 85 | at 19.03.1918 | State Center | Iowa | school yard | High school | books | german text books | students (15 or 20) | <unknown> | Ottumwa semi-weekly courier. [volume], March 22, 1918, page 4 [193] |
| 86 | at 23.04.1918 | Stratford | Iowa | <unknown> | school | books, etc | german text books (all leftovers: text books, dictionaries, every german book/document/note book ) | students | president Dr. M. A. Beach of the school board | Webster City freeman. [volume], April 29, 1918, page 4 [194] |
| 87 | at 24.04.1918 | Stratford | Iowa | <unknown> | school | books | german text books (a number) | students | president Dr. M. A. Beach of the school board | Webster City freeman. [volume], April 29, 1918, page 4 [195] |
| 88 | before 29.04.1918 | Susquehanna | Maryland | college yard | college | books, songs | every german text book; every german music |
students | Misses Swartz, McCormick and Reinhold | The daily banner., April 29, 1918, page 4 [196] |
| 89 | at 26.05.1918 | Sutherland | Nebraska | <unknown> | some schools | books | every german text book | citizens | Sergeant Stephens ; James . A. Eastwood, local leader of the Four-Minute Men; |
Omaha daily bee., May 27, 1918, page 3 [197] |
| 90 | at 20.12.1917 | Terre Haute | Indiana | <unknown> | city library | books | „all books (with "attitude of the teutonic autocracy")“ | President W. W. Parsons of the Indiana State Normal School | school board | The Richmond palladium and sun-telegram. [volume], December 20, 1917, page 1 [198] |
| 91 | before 25.04.1918 | Wellsburg | West Virginia | <unknown> | High schools | books | german text books | <unknown> | <unknown> | The Wheeling intelligencer. [volume], April 25, 1918, page 6 [199] |
| 92 | at 07.08.1918 | Westby | Wisconsin | <unknown> | school | books | every german book | <unknown> | Soldaten | Baraboo weekly news. [volume], August 08, 1918, page 8 [200] Grant County herald. [volume], August 28, 1918, page 3 [201] |
| 93 | at 17.03.1918 | Wheaton | Minnesota | <unknown> | High school | books | every german text book | <unknown> | <unknown> | Grand Forks herald. [volume], March 18, 1918, page 5 [202] The Fargo forum and daily republican. [volume], March 18, 1918, page 1 [203] |
| 94 | before 17.05.1918 | Wilmington | Delaware | Baugelände | private library of Mrs. William E. Day | books | german books(many) | Mrs. William E. Day | <unknown> | Elko independent. [volume], May 17, 1918, page 1 [204] Richmond times-dispatch. [volume], May 19, 1918, page 31 [205] |
| 95 | after 07.02.1916 | Windsor | Canada | <unknown> | city library | books | every german book | MOB („deputation of border city patriots“) | Andrew Baird, (sekretary of the school board) | The Detroit times. [volume], February 07, 1916, LAST EDITION, page 2 [206] |
| 96 | before 17.06.1918 | Woodstown | New Jersey | school yard | Central High school | books | german text books (Riesenfeuer) | students | <unknown> | Alexandria gazette. [volume], June 17, 1918, page 1 [207] |
| 97 | at 26.04.1918 | Tuscarawas County | Ohio | Courthouse | High school,public collection | books | german text books (500 volumes) | students | citizens (2000; incl. 800 students), "New Philadelphia High boys’ Band", lawyer Henry Bowers |
http://www.timesreporter.com/local_news/x47243802/Anti-German-sentiments-ran-high-in-1918 Archived 2011-12-22 at the Wayback Machine[1] |
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