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| Chaneya Temporal range: 66-5 Ma
| |
|---|---|
 | |
| Fossilized flower Chaneya tenuis with a dark center seed surrounded by five wings | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota
|
| (unranked): | Archaeplastida
|
| Kingdom: | Plantae
|
| Subkingdom: | Viridiplantae
|
| (unranked): | Streptophyta
|
| Phylum: | Anthophyta
|
| Class: | Eudicots
|
| Order: | sapindales
|
| Family: | Rutaceae
|
| Genus: | Chaneya Wang and Manchester (2000)
|
| Species: | Chaneya tenuis
Chaneya kokangensis Chaneya oeningensis Chaneya membranosa Chaneya ningmingensis Chaneya hainanensis Chaneya palaeogaea |
Chaneya genus is a biogeographically extinct flower, considered as a flower like winged fruit in most places, from the early to late Cenozoic period. This genus is known from fossil deposits in North America, Asia and Europe. These fossils provide crucial insights into the early evolution and diversification of angiosperms.
Etymology
editGenus Chaneya is named for the late Ralph Chaney,[1] who provided the first description as a flower, from the Shanwang biota of China[2] pioneered in the comparative study of Chinese and North American Tertiary floras. which its fruit type named as Chaneya Wang and Manchester (2000).[3]
Description
editFlower with five-lobed[4] , hypogynous, widely concave, rounded apices. One or two fruit bodies develop near the center and petals are described as wings, for wind dispersal behavior.Gynoecium apocarpous[5] formed by two alternative whorls of stamen and overy, as bisexual flowers in C.tenuis, C.kokangensis, C.membranosa, C.hainanensis species while C.oeningensis have single whorl of female overy. Venation of sepals consisting of 3 to 5 main longitudinal subparallel veins with stronger mid vein and secondaries arising from longitudinal veins at acute angles.[6] Precise systematic placement has proven difficult,[7] as no specific leaf type has been assigned, probably because the leaves did not be carried by the wind as easily as fruits or flowers. Although the precise systematic position of Chaneya remains uncertain, reinterpreted floral morphology, the apocarpic superior gynoecium, the floral disc and oil cells in the petals suggest affinities to the order of Rutales or sapindales, namely under the family of Simaroubaceae or Rutaceae.[8]
Chaneya tenuis
editCorolla of the flower with 22 - 34.5 (average 27) mm diameter and averagely 13 mm long and 5.3 mm wide entire margined equal to subequal elliptical to obovate sepals. Two alternative whorls of five carpels (6 - 8 mm diameter smooth outer surface fruit bodies) placed near the margins of thickened disk with small undeveloped and possibly abortive ovaries, but un known plant cuticles.[3] Although resembling a flower, this species identified as a fruit with five petal like wings.[9]
locality
editEocene fossils in Florissant, Green River, Clarno - Western North America and Miocene fossils in Canada (Whipsaw Creek, British Columbia), Yilan and Shanwang floras of China - East Asia[3]
synonymy
editPorana tenuis Lesquereux 1883[10], Porana tenuis Lesquereux Cockerell 1908[11], Porana cockerelli Knowlton 1916, Astronium truncatum (Lesquereux) MacGinite 1953[3][12]
Chaneya kokengensis
editInfructescence a receme and 0.8 mm thick and 18mm long pedicel. Corolla of the flower with 28-40 (average 36.3) mm diameter and 12-21 mm long and 5-10 mm wide entire margined equal to subequal elliptical to obovate sepals. Well preserved sepal venation consisting 5 main longitudinal subparallel veins. Two alternative whorls of five carpels (9 mm diameter smooth outer surface fruit bodies) placed near the margins of thickened disk and can identify by clear stomates with well preserved cuticles[3].Chaneya tenuis differs from this by large size petals.[13][3]
locality
editMiocene fossils in Tyosen-Korea and Shanwang Village, Linju County, Shandong Province, Peoples Republic of China
Synonymy
editPorana kokengensis 1939, Porana macrantha 1993, Antholithes malvoides 1940[14], Astronium truncatum[15] auct. (non [Lesq.] MacGinitie) WGCPC 1978
Chaneya oeningensis
editFound as Chenaya oeningensis Teodoridis and Kvaček. Corolla of the flower with 22 mm diameter including 10mm long and 5mm wide elliptical single petals. Unlike other species, consist single whorl gynoecium of five carpels alternating with sepals and relatively large in size[16]. Glandular cavities as dark spots in smaller resinous bodies on petal tissues[13]. Distinct venation with several main veins arising at the base, running subparallel across the lobes while weak secondaries ascending steeply towards the apex. Broader and narrower petals than C.tenuis[13] but less than C. membranosa.[17]
locality
editEarly Palaeogene in Bikaner and Barmer (Rajasthan, India) and Middle miocene in European samples from South West Germany (O¨ hningen), Most Basin, Czech Republic.
synonymy
editAntholithus oeningensis Al. Braun ex Unger 1845 & 1847, Cordia tiliaefolia 1845, , Getonia oeningensis 1847 &1850, Porana oeningensis (Unger) Heer 1859, Petraea oeningensis Al. Braun Heer 1859, Porana macrantha Heer 1859 & 1904, Porana inaequiloba Heer 1859, Monotes macranthus (Heer) Weyland 1937, Astronium macranthum (Heer) Iljinskaja et Akhmetiev 1989, Astronium oeningensis 1989 &1993
Chaneya membranosa
editlocality
editLate Miocene in Poland - Schosnitz (Schossnitz), Schlesien, Sośnica, Województwo dolnośląskie, Polska
synonymy
editGetonia membranosa Goepp 1855
Chaneya ninmengensis
editA flower with calyx lacking and subequal sized petals.[18]
locality
editOligocene in Gaoling village, Ningming County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
Chaneya hainanensis
editPetal venation consisting of three primary longitudinal subparallel veins with central two fruit bodies or ovaries.[19]
locality
editEucene in Changchang Basin, Hainan Island, South China
Chaneya palaeogaea
editlocality
editLate Eocene in China[20]
synonymy
editDiospyros palaeogaea
References
edit- ^ Ralph W. Chaney, Hsen Hsu Hsu (Feb–Mar 1942). "A Miocene Flora from Shantung Province, China". The Journal of Geology. 50 (2): 147. Bibcode:1942JG.....50..223D. doi:10.1086/625047.
- ^ Yang, Hong; Yang, Shipu (Dec 1994). "The Shanwang fossil biota in eastern China: a Miocene Konservat-Lagerstätte in lacustrine deposits". Scandinavian University Press. 27 (4): 345–354. Bibcode:1994Letha..27..345Y. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1994.tb01585.x – via Lethaia.
- ^ a b c d e f Steven R. Manchester; Wang, Yufei (2000). "Chaneya, A new genus of winged fruit from the tertiary of North America and Eastern Asia". International Journal of Plant Science. 161 (1): 167–178. doi:10.1086/314227. PMID 10648207 – via The University of Chicago.
- ^ "Calyx | plant anatomy | Britannica".
- ^ "Apocarpous and Syncarpous Ovary".
- ^ https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Reconstruction-of-fruit-with-perianth-of-Chaneya-membranosa-Goepp-Manchester_fig3_282189733
- ^ "Enigmatic Green River Formation Fruiting Body Chaneya Green River Plant Fossils".
- ^ Teodoridis, Vasilis; Kvacek, Zlatko (9 December 2004). "The extinct genus Chaneya Wang et Manchester in the Tertiaryof Europe—a revision of Porana-like fruit remainsfrom O¨hningen and Bohemia". ResearchGate. 134 (1): 85–103 – via Elsevier.
- ^ "Fossil Plant Species". Fossil Butte National Monument Wyoming.
- ^ https://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=D67F703F-31BA-4253-B0BC-CF27F66A871C
- ^ Knowlton, F.H. (1883). "A REVIEW OF THE FOSSIL PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATESNATIONAL MUSElBi FROM THE FLORISSANT LAKEBEDS AT FLORISSANT, COLORADO, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES AND LIST OF TYPE-SPECIMENS" (PDF). U. S. National Museum. 51 (2151): 241–297. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.51-2151.241.
- ^ Manchester, Steven. R. (October 1, 2001). "UPDATE ON THE MEGA FOSSIL FLORA OF FLORISSANT, COLORADO". Denver Museum of Nature & Science. 4 (1): 137–161 – via ResearchGate.
- ^ a b c Teodoridis, Vasilis; Kvacek, Zlatko (9 December 2004). "The extinct genus Chaneya Wang et Manchester in the Tertiary of Europe a revision of Porana like fruit remains from Ohningen and Bohemia". Palaeobotany and Palynology. 134 (2005): 85–103. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2004.12.002 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
- ^ Hu, Hsen Hsu; Chaney, Ralph W. (1940). A Miocene flora from Shantung province, China (6 ed.). Washington. hdl:2027/mdp.39015024037908.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Flower – Astronium truncatum | the Natural Canvas".
- ^ Chandra, Kajol; Verma, Pooinam; Shukla, Anumeha; Mehrotra, R.C. (10 August 2023). "Pentamerous fossil flowers and fruits from Rajasthan reveals the dominance of flowering plants in the early Palaeogene of India". Current Science. 125 (3): 321–324 – via Research Gate.
- ^ "Revision of the plant assemblage of Steinheim am Albuch (Baden- Württemberg, Germany, middle Miocene, reference locality of Mammal Neogene Zone MN 7)". Research Gate (Bulletin of Geosciences 93(4)): 419–456. December 2018.
- ^ Liufu, Yongqing; Chen, Yunfa; Wang, Hongshan (September 2017). "A new species of Chaneya from the Oligocene Ningming Formation, Guangxi, South China". Palaeobotany & Palynology. 244: 148–152. Bibcode:2017RPaPa.244..148L. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2017.05.005 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
- ^ Feng, XinXin; Jin, JianHua (23 March 2012). "First record of extinct fruit genus Chaneya in low-latitude tropic of South China". Science China Earth Sciences. 55 (5): 728–732. Bibcode:2012ScChD..55..728F. doi:10.1007/s11430-012-4395-2.
- ^ Kvacek, Zlatko; Teodoridis, V. (November 2011). "The Late Eocene flora of Kuclin near Bilina in North Bohemia revisited" (PDF). Sborník Národního Muzea v Praze. 67 (3–4): 83–144.