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| Circassian raids on Crimean Tatars and Nogais | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Circassian-Turkic conflict | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Circassia |
 Golden Horde Nogai Horde Ottoman Empire  Karachay Balkar | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Temruk Kurgoqo Atajuq Qeytuqo Aslanbech Qasey Atajuq |
Mengli Gerai Mehmed Geray Sheikh Ahmed Qasim Khan Murad Geray Selim I Gerai | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| from 10,000 to 70,000 | from 10,000 to 300,000 | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| a small number of dead | a large number of dead and the theft of a large number of slaves and loot | ||||||
Chronology of raids
editXV century
edit| Year | Description |
|---|---|
| 1498, 1499 | The disastrous expeditions of the Great Horde to the Great Horde.
“...the Circassian came to Great Horde, and they beat Great Horde a lot of good. And the king of Dei Maahmat cannot live under Circassian, he dei... is thinking of going to this side of Don.”[1] |
XVI century
edit| Year | Description | |
|---|---|---|
| 1500 | In 1500, the Khan Sheikh-Ahmed, who replaced Sayyid-Muhammad, appealed to Mengli-Giray with a request to allow him to go with the Horde to the Dnieper, since beyond the Don "it is not good for us to roam, many make battles with us from Nagai and Cherkasy".[2] | |
| 1501 | In the spring, Circassians defeated the Kaffa beylerbey.[3] | |
| 1519 | Circassians was defeated by the Kalga Bahadyr Giray.[4] | |
| 1522 | The Crimean Khan Muhammad Giray, died in the war "with the Circassians and Dadians".[5] | |
| 1523 | Siege of Bakhchysarai (the capital of the Crimean Khanate) by the Kabardian cavalry led by Talostan Dzhankhotov. Crimean Khan was forced to sue for peace and pay Kabardians a large tribute.[6] | |
| 1532 | Circassians captured Astrakhan with a fight, overthrew khan Qasim and enthroned Ak-Kubek].[7] | |
| 1546, | Circassians recaptured Astrakhan, drove away Ak-Kubek and put on the Khan's throne another of their protégés, Yamgurchi, who could not stay in power for a long time.[8] | |
| 1556 | Circassians captured two Turkish cities Temryuk and Taman.[9] | |
| 1560-1561 | Circassians make a number of raids on Crimean Khanate.[6] | |
| 1570 | Kabardians Temryuk Idar came to the aid of Abazins who were fighting against Crimeans.[3] | |
| 1572 | Circassians made a military raid on the Ottoman coast: "Circassians, arriving on 24 ships, burned and destroyed all the settlements of the coast 300 miles from here, ravaged Turkish vineyards and killed many people, and took women captive, taking away all property and goods, as a result of which they fear that they will come to this city."[10] |
XVII century
edit| Year | Description |
|---|---|
| 1615 | The settlements of the Kazyev (Nogaev]) were attacked and plundered by Circassians.[11] |
| 1619 | Nogais were ready to fight Besleney, Zhaneyevs and Temirgoits.[3] |
| 1630 | The ruler of Little Kabarda Sholokh Tapsarukov at the head of his detachments attacked the Nogai nomadic camps, ravaging the camps and stealing cattle.[12] |
| 1630 | Mutsal Cherkassky with his regiment, consisting of 1200 Kabardins and Terek Cossacks , made a raid on the Nogai uluses near Azov. He did not besiege the heavily fortified Azov, but ravaged the large Nogai ulus on the Ee River murza Shantemir. The victors captured up to 7 thousand prisoners, up to 6 thousand cows and 2 thousand sheep.[13] |
| 1670 | Circassians led by Prince Kaitukin invaded Crimea, which they left only after the total plunder of the entire peninsula.[6] |
| 1672-1673, 1675 | The leader of the Cherkesov Kasbulat Circassian in alliance with the Zaporozhian Cossacks also launched a series of attacks on Crimea, from where he withdrew the "Russian polon" and destroyed the "Janissary corps".[14]
Circassian in alliance with Kalmyks smashes the uluses of the Nogai mirza of Karakasai.[15] Circassian organizes a new campaign against Crimea, where he invades at the head of a detachment of several thousand horsemen, the backbone of which was 800 Kabardian armorers.[16] The horsemen Circassian crossed Syvash and at "dawn they beat the Crimean uluses". The detachment was returning through Perekop, where a battle took place during the breakthrough from the Crimea to the steppe: "Three Crimean sultans with warriors came to us ... and we gave them a fight and beat them."[17] |
XVIII century
edit| Year | Description |
|---|---|
| 1711 | Kabardians defeated the army of the Kalga Sultan Murad-Girei.[6] |
| 1721 | Arslan bey Kaytukin raids Nogais.[18] |
| 1734 | in Little Kabarda a major battle took place between Russians and Kabardins, on the one hand, and the Ottoman-Tatar army, on the other hand. At the same time, Kalmyks also took the side of the latter. The Russians retreated, but the Kabardian cavalry, led by Mohammed Kurgoko, defeated the Crimeans and took the polon from the Grebensky stanitsa.[19] |
| 1738 | Circassians smash the Tatar detachments led by Feti Giray, reinforced by the Nogais of Musa Mirza and the remnants of the troops of Navruz Ulu.[20] |
| 1739 | Another battle took place between Crimeans and Circassians, on the Labe river. Circassians, led by Kabardin Prince Kaituko, defeated the army of Kalgi Sultan Kazi-Giray: "... those Tatars were defeated and driven away; many were beaten to death and taken in full, and Saltan Kazi-Giray was beaten to death wounded."[21] |
| 1746 | Khan Selim-Giray in a letter to the ataman of the Don army D. Yefremov complains: ".. For a year now, there have been raids on the Khanate from the side of bzhedugs."[22] |
| 1769 | Crimean troops under the command of the Khan Kerim Giray and Kuban serasker Kazy Giray entered the region of Pyatigorye. Circassian is crushed by the Tatar troops "at the Beshtoe Mountains".[6] |
Results
editDuring the Circassian raids, Nogai and Crimean nomads suffered greatly, as well as Ottoman fortresses, many people were taken into slavery, and other loot was exported. All these raids caused significant damage To the Crimean Khanate and Nogais.
References
edit- ^ Collection of the Russian Historical Society.T 14. Monuments of diplomatic relations of the Moscow state with the Crimean and Nagai Hordes and with Turkey. T 1. St. Petersburg, 1884, p.255
- ^ [Monuments of diplomatic relations of the Moscow state with the Crimean and Nagai hordes and with Turkey. Volume 1 (Collection of the Imperial Russian Historical Society, Volume 41). St. Petersburg, 1884]
- ^ a b c Pylypchuk Y.In. The policy of the Crimean Khanate in the North Caucasus
- ^ Pilipchuk Y.In. The policy of the Crimean Khanate in the North Caucasus
- ^ Nekrasov A.M. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya i narody Zapadnogo Kavkaza (poslednyaya chetv. XV – transl. XVI century).
- ^ a b c d e [Malbakhov B. K., "Kabarda at the stages of political history (mid-16th — first quarter of the 19th century)]
- ^ [PSRL. T. 20. St. Petersburg, 1910. Ch.1. P. 413.]
- ^ [Nekrasov 1990: 109]
- ^ [Kabardino-Russian relations in the XVI-XVIII centuries. Documents and materials in 2 volumes. - Moscow, 1957. - T.I.]
- ^ [Zevakin E. S., Penchko N. A. Essays on the History of Genoese Colonies in the Western Caucasus in the XIII and XV Centuries // Historical Notes. 1938. T. 3. P. 97]
- ^ [RGADA, f. 127, inv. 1, 1615, d. 3, p. 10]
- ^ [RGADA, f. 127, inv. 1, 1633, d. 1, l. 86; d. 2, l. 355, 356, 393]
- ^ [E. P. Savelyev's "Ancient History of the Cossacks", published in three volumes from 1915 to 1918]
- ^ [Smirnov N. A. Russia and Turkey in the XVI – XVII centuries. T 1 – 2// Uchenye zapiski MGU, M., 1946. 94.]
- ^ [O.L. Opryshko, Along the Paths of History]
- ^ [RGADA, f. Kalmyk Affairs. 3, p. 184. (KRO. V.1, P. 342)]
- ^ [KRO. VOL. 1, P. 353.]
- ^ [1, f. Kabardinskie dela, 1721, d. 1, ll. 3–4; 99, 372]
- ^ [AVPRI, f. Kabardian Affairs, 1734, d. 2, pp. 4 – 5]
- ^ [AVPR, 1739, f. Kabardinskie dela, d. 1, p. 97; d. 3, pp. 11–14]
- ^ [AVPRI, f. Kabardinskie dela, 1739, d. 1, p. 15.]
- ^ [RGVIA, f.20, op.1/47, d.316, part 1.]
- Сборник Русского исторического общества.Т 14. Памятники дипломатических сношений Московского государства с Крымскою и Нагайскою Ордами и с Турцией. Т 1. СПб.,1884 с.255
- Памятники дипломатических сношений Московского государства с Крымскою и Нагайскою ордами и с Турцией. Том 1(Сборник императорского русского исторического общества, Том 41). СПб. 1884
- Некрасов А.М. Международные отношения и народы Западного Кавказа (последняя четв. XV – пер. пол. XVI в.).
- Мальбахов Б. К. ,"Кабарда на этапах политической истории (середина XVI — первая четверть XIX века)
- ПСРЛ. Т. 20. СПб., 1910. Ч.1. С. 413.
- Кабардино-русские отношения в XVI-XVIII вв. Документы и материалы в 2-х томах. - М., 1957. - T.I.
- Зевакин Е. С., Пенчко Н. А. Очерки по истории генуэзских колоний на Западном Кавказе в XIII и XV веках // Исторические записки. 1938. Т. 3. С. 97
- РГАДА, ф. 127, оп. 1, 1615 г., д. 3, л. 10
- Е. П. Савельева «Древняя история казачества», напечатанному в трех томах с 1915 по 1918г
- Смирнов Н. А. Россия и Турция в XVI – XVII в. Т 1 – 2// Ученые записки МГУ, М., 1946. Вып. 94.
- Опрышко О.Л. По тропам истории.
- РГАДА, ф. Калмыцкие дела. Кн. 3. л. 184. (КРО. Т.1. С. 342)
- 1, ф. Кабардинские дела, 1721, д. 1, лл. 3–4; 99, 372
- АВПР, 1739, ф. Кабардинские дела, д. 1, с. 97; д. 3, л. 11–14
- РГВИА, ф.20, оп.1/47,д.316,ч1.
- Пилипчук Я.В. Политика Крымского ханства на Северном Кавказе.
- Фредерик Дюбуа де Монперэ , "Путешествие вокруг Кавказа".
- Россия под скипетром Романовых, 1613-1913.,С.166.
- "Руководство к познанию Кавказа". Михаил Селезнев. Книжка вторая. Санктпетербург, 1847.
- Историческия выписки о сношениях России с Персиею, Грузиею и вообще с горскими народами, в Кавказе обитающими, со времен Ивана Васильевича доныне." ,Семен Броневский.
- Эмиддио Дортелли де Асколи, "Описание Черного моря и Татарии, составил доминиканец Эмидио Дортелли д'Асколи, префект Каффы, Татарии и проч. 1634 г."
- Интериано Дж. ,"Быт и страна зихов, именуемых черкесами." 1502 г.
- Джованни де Лука, «Описание перекопских и ногайских татар, черкесов, мингрелов и грузин Жана де Люка, монаха Доминиканского ордена» (между 1663—1672 гг.)
- Из переписки А.П. Волынского // Памятники новой русской истории. СПб., 1873.
- Dimitrie Cantemir, «История роста и упадка Оттоманской империи»
- АВПРИ, ф. Кабардинские дела, 1734 г., д. 2, л. 4 – 5
- С. Хан-Гирей. Записки о Черкесии. Нальчик, 1973.
- Войны черкесских княжеств с Крымским ханством и западно-грузинскими владениями в 20-30 гг. XVI в. Ж.В. Кагазежев
- Некрасов А.М. Международные отношения и народы Западного Кавказа (последняя чета. XV пер. пол. XVI e)- M. 1990.
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