| A joint Politics and Economics series |
| Social choice and electoral systems |
|---|
 |
 Mathematics portal |
In political science and voting theory, conditional electoral systems[1][2][3] are in which whether one formula is used or not depends on the outcome of the other subsystem[1]. In a broad sense of the term, many single-winner systems may also be conditional, such as the typical two-round system, where the second round is only held if not candidate has received more than 50% of the vote.
Among mixed electoral systems[1], the conditional type of system is rare dependent combination of two systems[4]. An example would be a rule that if a party has received 50% of the vote, it is entitled to all seats, otherwise proportional representation is used. Today, pure conditional systems are not typically used, but supermixed systems such as majority jackpot or minority jackpot have a conditional element. The conditional system is distinguished from the compensation (correction) model of dependent combination, where another formula always (unconditionally) applies but how it applies depends on the other subsystem.[1]
Historical use
editA 1923 Italian law established that two-thirds of the seats were to be allocated to a party, provided that this party gets at least 25% of the vote. Remaining seats were distributed among the other parties. by PR. The majority jackpot (itself a fusion-correction-system) is therefore dependent on the vote share of the largest party.
In the 1953 Italian electoral law, 380/589 allocated as a majority jackpot if it received a majority of the vote, otherwise simple list-PR was used.
In the 1926 Romanian electoral law provided a plurality jackpot of 50% on the condition the largest party received 40% of the vote. The plurality jackpot rule would not apply if the largest party received less than 40%.
In French systems from 1919 and 1951 the conditional system applied on a district level: If a party got the majority of the vote, they got all seats in the district, but otherwise PR was used.[1]
A conditional majority jackpot was once again introduced in Italy, in 2015 - but never used due to it being deemed unconstitutional[5]. It would have guaranteed an absolute majority (340 seats) to a list, provided the list gains at least 40% of the votes in the first round. If no list achieves 40%, the jackpot would have been assigned to the winner of a second round.[6]
Current use
edit| Country | Body | Latest election
(year) |
System | Component electoral systems | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cameroon | Supermixed (coexistence-conditional-fusion): Conditional majority jackpot | Majority jackpot, first-preference plurality | |||
| Chad | Supermixed (coexistence-conditional-fusion): Conditional party block voting | Party block voting, first-preference plurality | |||
| Armenia | Conditional majority jackpot + Minority jackpot | Majority jackpot | The system does not allow for a majority larger than 2/3 (minority jackpot) | ||
| Minority jackpot | |||||
 San Marino
|
Grand and General Council | 2019 | Conditional majority jackpot | Party-list proportional representation
Majority jackpot |
An optional second round based on the result of the first round. |
References
edit- ^ a b c d e Massicotte & Blais (1999). "Mixed electoral systems: a conceptual and empirical survey". Electoral Studies. 18 (3): 341–366. doi:10.1016/S0261-3794(98)00063-8.
- ^ Xezonakis, Georgios; Dawson, Stephen (2021-07-14), "Electoral Rules and Corruption", The Oxford Handbook of the Quality of Government, Oxford University Press, pp. 309–334, doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198858218.013.16, ISBN 978-0-19-885821-8, retrieved 2024-08-27
- ^ Nishikawa, Misa; Herron, Erik S. (2004-12-01). "Mixed electoral rules' impact on party systems". Electoral Studies. 23 (4): 753–768. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2003.10.004. ISSN 0261-3794.
- ^ Högström, John; Dahlberg, Stefan (2023-04-19). "Does Changing an Electoral System to a Mixed System (Really) Affect Voter Turnout and the Party System?". Comparative Sociology. 22 (2): 259–279. doi:10.1163/15691330-bja10080. ISSN 1569-1322.
- ^ https://d-nb.info/113602414X/34.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ D’Alimonte, Roberto (2015-09-02). "The new Italian electoral system: majority-assuring but minority-friendly". Contemporary Italian Politics. 7 (3): 286–292. doi:10.1080/23248823.2015.1093280. ISSN 2324-8823.
 | This political science article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |