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| Crimean-Circassian War (1558–1561) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Russo-Turkish wars and Crimean Circassian wars | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Crimean Khanate Ottoman Empire |
 Tsardom of Russia Circassia Zaporizhian Cossacks | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
| Devlet I Giray |
Dmytro Vyshnevetsky Princes Siboko-Vasily Mashuko-Ivan Temryuk Idar | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| ~15,000 Ottoman-Crimean forces | ~10,000 Circassian and Cossack troops | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| Heavy (exact numbers unknown) | Moderate (exact numbers unknown) | ||||||||
The Crimean-Circassian War (1558–1561) was part of the prolonged conflict between the Tsardom of Russia and the Ottoman Empire, which also involved the Crimean Tatars, Circassian principalities, and Cossacks.[1][2]
History
editIvan IV of Russia showed particular interest in Circassia and its feudal holdings. In 1558, he managed to gain the allegiance of one of the most powerful Circassian tribes, Zhane.[3] Representatives of this tribe, Princes Siboko-Vasily and Mashuko-Ivan, were sent with a Circassian cavalry detachment to Livonia, where they fought alongside Russian forces against the Livonian Order and Poland.[4]
In response to Circassian activity, the Ottomans and Crimeans took countermeasures in the fall of 1559. Shortly afterward, Circassian princes sent a new envoy to Tsar Ivan requesting that he provide a military governor to protect their lands.[5] In early 1560, Ivan IV sent Prince Dmytro Vyshnevetsky to Circassia to ally with local forces against the Turkish and Crimean armies.[6]
Military Actions
editIn the winter of 1559–1560, Vyshnevetsky and Circassian troops launched several attacks on Azov and Ottoman fortifications along the coasts of the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea. However, these assaults on Azov were repelled, and the allies were unable to capture the fortress.[7][8]
In the spring of 1561, Vyshnevetsky’s forces, together with Circassians, conducted a successful raid down the Don River, reaching as far as Kaffa, where they destroyed several strongholds and seized valuable resources.[9] The Ottoman administration responded by sending a fleet of 20 ships to defend Azov, forcing the allies to withdraw.[6][10]
Consequences and Significance
editAs a result of this conflict, the Turks and Crimean Tatars were compelled to strengthen their defenses in the region.[11] The ongoing military campaigns in the region also diverted some Crimean forces, which allowed Moscow to focus on its western borders, particularly in Livonia.[12] However, after suffering defeats and losing support from Ivan IV, Dmytro Vyshnevetsky left Russian service and joined the Polish king.[4][13]
References
edit- ^ Броневский, С.Б. (1999). Новейшие географические и исторические известия о Кавказе. Нальчик. p. 151.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Дзагалов, А.С., Черкесы, Крым и Запорожская Сечь в XVI веке. Институт истории Украины.
- ^ Греков, И.Б. (1963). Очерки международных отношений Восточной Европы XIV – XVI вв (in Russian). Москва: Издательство Наука.
- ^ a b Броневский, С.Б. Новейшие географические и исторические известия о Кавказе. Нальчик, 1999, стр. 151.
- ^ П.А. Аваков (2011). "Геополитическое положение Подонья и Приазовья в XV–XVI веках в свете противостояния России и Турции". Известия ВУЗов. Северо-Кавказский регион. Общественные науки (in Russian) (1): 33–37.
- ^ a b Дзагалов, А.С. Черкесы, Крым и Запорожская Сечь в XVI веке. Институт истории Украины.
- ^ Натхо, Кадир И. (2009). История Черкесии. Xlibris Corporation. p. 134. ISBN 978-1441523884.
- ^ "Южный федеральный университет" (in Russian). Южный федеральный университет. 2023-11-05.
- ^ Челеби, Эвлия (1978). Книга путешествия: Путешествия по Крыму (in Russian). Симферополь: Таврия.
- ^ Charriere, E. (1850). "Negociations de la France dans le Levant" (in French). Presses Universitaires de Paris.
- ^ Ред. Императорское Русское историческое общество (1884). Памятники дипломатических сношений Московского государства с Крымскою и Нагайскою ордами и с Турцией (in Russian). Vol. 1. Санкт-Петербург: Типография Императорского исторического общества.
- ^ Лемерсье-Келькеже, Шарль (1970). "Литовский кондотьер XVI в. князь Дмитрий Вишневецкий и образование Запорожской Сечи". Франко-русские экономические связи (in French). 2: 38–64.
- ^ Clifford Edmund Bosworth, ed. (1986). The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume 5. Leiden: Brill. Retrieved 2020-06-15.