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Draft:EUROTRAC

  • Comment: Seems notable, but needs more references, thank you Ozzie10aaaa (talk) 17:06, 28 October 2024 (UTC)

EUROTRAC (European Experiment on Transportation and Transformation of Environmentally Relevant Trace Constituents) was a joint European scientific research programme within the Eureka Framework.[1]

EUROTRAC was accepted as a Eureka project at the second Eureka Ministerial Conference held in Hannover (Germany) in November 1985. After a two-year definition phase, the work started in January 1988, and ended in 1995. At the peak of the programme, it included more than 250 research groups from 24 European countries and its budget exceeded 16 million ECU per year (equivalent to approx. 16 million Euro).

Objectives and focus areas

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The objective of Eurotrac was to[1]:[citation needed]

  • Increase the basic knowledge in atmospheric science;
  • Promote the technological development of sensitive, specific and fast respons instruments for environmental research and monitoring;
  • Improve the scientific basis for taking future political decisions on environmental management in European countries.

EUROTRAC studied the impact of human activities on the troposphere over Europe, focusing on[1]:[citation needed]

  • The chemistry and transport of photo-oxidants (especially ozone) in the troposphere
  • The processes leading to formation of acidity in the atmosphere
  • The uptake and release of atmospheric trace substances by the biosphere.

EUROTRAC[2] was an interdisciplinary programme involving field experiments and campaigns, laboratory studies, comprehensive model developments and simulations, emission estimation, studies of biosphere / atmosphere exchange and the development of advanced instruments for laboratory and field measurements.

Projects and outcome

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Totally 14 projects were established as part of the EUROTRAC programme. Under each project, several subprojects and studies were carried out. Numerous articles and findings resulting from numerous studies have been presented at symposiums held during and after the EUROTRAC period. These articles can be found on websites like Springer[1], Fraunhofer Gesellschaft [3].and ResearchGate[1]. The 14 EUROTRAC projects were:

Cloud studies:

  • ACE: Acidity in Cloud Experiments
  • GCE: Ground Based Cloud Experiment[4]

Field measurements:

  • ALPTRAC: High Alpine Air and Snow Chemistry[5]
  • TOR: Tropospheric Ozone Research[6] [7]
  • TRACT: Transport of Pollutants over Complex Terrain[8]

Biosphere / Atmosphere exchange:

  • ASE: Air-Sea Exchange[9]
  • BIATEX: Biosphere-Atmosphere exchange of pollutants and Trace substances[10]

Laboratory studies:

  • HALIPP: Heterogeneous and Liquid Phase Processes[11]
  • LACTOZ: Laboratory Studies of Chemistry Related to Tropospheric Ozone[12]

Model development:

  • EUMAC: European Modelling of Atmospheric Constituents[13]
  • GLOMAC: Global Modelling of Atmospheric Chemistry[14]

Instrument Development:

  • JETDLAG: Joint European Development of Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy for Measurement of Atmospheric Trace Gases[15]
  • TESLAS: Tropospheric Environmental Studies by Laser Sounding[16]
  • TOPAS:  Tropospheric Optical Absorption Spectroscopy[17]

Funding and cooperation

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Eurotrac was a science-driven, "bottom-up" research programme, where the scientist involved in the programme proposed research projects. The scientist had to seek funding themselves, primarily through their own national funding sources. In some cases also the European Commission contributed to the funding[1].[citation needed]

In order to become a Eurotrac-project, the project proposals had to be evaluated by the Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) and finally approved by the Internation Executive Committee (IEC)[18].[citation needed]

Organisation

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Eurotrac was headed by an International Executive Committee (IEC). IEC consisted of one representative from each member country. IEC approved the subproject proposals and appointed members to the Scientific Steering Committee (SSC). SSC reviewed the subproject proposals and the progress and results of the individual subprojects. The International Scientific Secretariat (ISS) coordinated the EUROTRAC project. The ISS was operated from Fraunhofer Institute for Atmospheric Research (Fraunhofer Institut für Atmosphärische Umweltforschung - IFU), located in Garmisch-Partenkirchen (Germany)[3].[citation needed]

Second phase

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After ending the first phase of Eurotrac (1988-1995, decribed above), Eurotrac-2[19] was initiated in 1996. During the second phase 25 countries and more than 300 research groups were involved[19].[citation needed]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f Borrell, Peter; Grennfelt, Peringe (2000). "EUROTRAC:Organisation Structure and Achievements". Transport and Chemical Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere: An Overview of the Work of EUROTRAC. Springer. pp. 3–18. ISBN 978-3-642-59718-3.
  2. ^ Borell, Peter; Grennfelt, Peringe (2000). "EUROTRAC: Organisation Structure and Achievements".
  3. ^ a b "Transport and transformation of pollutants in the troposphere. Proceedings of EUROTRAC Symposium '96. Vol. 2: Emissions, deposition, laboratory work and instrumentation". Fraunhofer Gesellschaft. 1997.
  4. ^ Fuzzi, Sandro (2000). "GCE: An Overview of Ground Based Cloud Experiments". Transport and Chemical Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere. Springer Link. pp. 176–201. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-59718-3_9. ISBN 978-3-642-64097-1.
  5. ^ Wagenbach, Dietmar (2000). "ALPTRAC: High Alpine Air and Snow Chemistry". Transport and Chemical Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere. Springer Link. pp. 160–175. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-59718-3_8. ISBN 978-3-642-64097-1.
  6. ^ Hov, Øystein (1991). "Norwegian Eurotrac Participaton - TOR-project" (PDF). Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU).
  7. ^ Hov, Øystein (2000). "TOR: An Overview of Tropospheric Ozone Research". Transport and Chemical Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere. Springer Link. pp. 202–238. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-59718-3_10. ISBN 978-3-642-64097-1.
  8. ^ Fiedler, Franz; Borrell, Peter (2000). "TRACT: Transport of Air Pollutants over Complex Terrain". Transport and Chemical Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere. Springer Link. pp. 239–283. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-59718-3_11. ISBN 978-3-642-64097-1.
  9. ^ Larsen, Søren E. (2000). "ASE: An Overview of the Air-Sea Exchange Subproject". Transport and Chemical Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere. Springer Link. pp. 285–293. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-59718-3_12. ISBN 978-3-642-64097-1.
  10. ^ Slanina, Sjaak (2000). "BIATEX: Assessment and Achievements". Transport and Chemical Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere. pp. 294–311. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-59718-3_13. ISBN 978-3-642-64097-1.
  11. ^ Warneck, Peter (2000). "HALIPP: Heterogeneous and Liquid Phase Processes". Transport and Chemical Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere. Springer Link. pp. 313–328. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-59718-3_14. ISBN 978-3-642-64097-1.
  12. ^ Le Bras, Georges (2000). "LACTOZ: Chemical Processes related to Tropospheric Ozone". Transport and Chemical Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere. Springer Link. pp. 329–342. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-59718-3_15. ISBN 978-3-642-64097-1.
  13. ^ Ebel, Adolf (2000). "EUMAC: European Modelling of Atmospheric Constituents". Transport and Chemical Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere. Springer Link. pp. 352–374. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-59718-3_17. ISBN 978-3-642-64097-1.
  14. ^ Rodhe, Henning (2000). "GLOMAC: An Overview of Global Atmospheric Chemistry Modelling". Transport and Chemical Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere. Springer Link. pp. 387–398. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-59718-3_19. ISBN 978-3-642-64097-1.
  15. ^ Brassington, David J. (2000). "JETDLAG: Joint European Development of Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy for the Measurement of Atmospheric Trace Gases". Transport and Chemical Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere. Springer Link. pp. 400–413. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-59718-3_20. ISBN 978-3-642-64097-1.
  16. ^ Bösenberg, Jens (2000). "TESLAS: Tropospheric Environmental Studies by Laser Sounding". Transport and Chemical Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere. Springer Link. pp. 414–425. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-59718-3_21. ISBN 978-3-642-64097-1.
  17. ^ Simon, Paul C. (2000). "TOPAS: Tropospheric Optical Absorption Spectroscopy". Transport and Chemical Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere. Springer Link. pp. 426–439. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-59718-3_22. ISBN 978-3-642-64097-1.
  18. ^ Borrell, Peter (2000). "Transport And Chemical Transformation Of Pollutants In The Troposphere: An Overview Of The Work Of Eurotrac". www.witpress.com.
  19. ^ a b "Network of scientists is the driving force in EU air pollution policy". European Commission. 2005.
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