 | Draft article not currently submitted for review.
This is a draft Articles for creation (AfC) submission. It is not currently pending review. While there are no deadlines, abandoned drafts may be deleted after six months. To edit the draft click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window. To be accepted, a draft should:
It is strongly discouraged to write about yourself, your business or employer. If you do so, you must declare it. Where to get help
How to improve a draft
You can also browse Wikipedia:Featured articles and Wikipedia:Good articles to find examples of Wikipedia's best writing on topics similar to your proposed article. Improving your odds of a speedy review To improve your odds of a faster review, tag your draft with relevant WikiProject tags using the button below. This will let reviewers know a new draft has been submitted in their area of interest. For instance, if you wrote about a female astronomer, you would want to add the Biography, Astronomy, and Women scientists tags. Editor resources
Last edited by Ctxz2323 (talk | contribs) 2 minutes ago. (Update) |
Jin (Chinese: 斤; pinyin: jīn), also called "Chinese pound" or "catty"[a], is a traditional Chinese unit for weight measurement in East Asia. It originated in China mainland before being introduced to neighboring places. Nowaday, the mass of a jin normally ranges between 600 to 610 grams in different places: 500 grams in mainland China, 600 grams in Taiwan,[1] Japan, Korea[2] and Thailand, 604.78982 grams in Hong Kong,[3] 604.79 grams in Malaysia[4] and 604.8 grams in Singapore.[5] Jin is mostly used in the traditional markets, while "kilogram" is more widely used in supermarkets and other places. [6] [3]
History
editIn ancient China, there was an official position called "Sima" (司马). Sima was mainly in charge of the military. Because the management of grain and fodder required weighing, "Sima" was related to the unit of weight. China has had weight units since the Zhou Dynasty: Jin, Liang, Qian, Fen, also known as "Sima Jin" (司馬斤), "Sima Liang", etc. The measuring tool is called "Sima Scale", this standard is also called "Sima Ping System Mark" ”. One Sima Jin is equal to sixteen Sima Liang, which is how the idiom "half a catty eight Liang" comes from. [7]
The actual mass of the kilogram has changed in different eras and regions, but its mass ratio to other relevant units remains unchanged. One jin is equal to sixteen liang, and one catty is equal to 1/100 of a dan, which is sixteen liangs or 1/120 of a shi. Starting from the late Qing Dynasty, English was usually written as catty or kan based on Malay.[8]。
Before the Qing Dynasty, various regions and industries in China had their own weight standards for jin and liang, which were not uniform, thus often causing confusion.
During the Qing Dynasty, unified weights and measures were implemented. One jin was approximately 596.816 grams, which equaled 16 liang, or one liang was approximately 37.301 grams.
Nowadays, jins are divided into "common jin" (kilogram) according to the international system of units (1 kilogram is equal to 1,000 grams) and "market kilograms" (traditional Chinese jin) used by the people (or "<region>+jin" according to the region, such as "Taijin" used in Taiwan ", "Japanese Jin" used in Japan in the past), often abbreviated as "jin", and the weight of market Jin varies according to different regions and eras. The more common ones include 500 grams in mainland China, Kinmen and Matsu, Taiwan and Japan 600 grams, Hong Kong, Macao and Southeast Asia about 605 grams.
The modern "jin" (market jin) is converted into the metric system as follows according to local usage habits:
Mainland China
edit1912-1915 The Beiyang government continued to use the Qing Dynasty system, that is, 1 jin was approximately 596.816 grams.
1915-1930 On January 7, 1915, the Beiyang government promulgated the "Quality Law", which stipulated that in addition to the original construction scale system, the universal scale system (i.e., the International System of Units) would also be implemented in parallel.
1930-1959 Legally, 1 jin is equal to 500 grams, and 16 liangs (taels) is equal to 1 jin (that is, 1 liangl is equal to 31.25 grams).
Article 5 of the Weights and Measures Law of the Republic of China, enacted in February 1929 and implemented on January 1, 1930, stipulates:
"The weight is one-half of the kilogram as the market jin (abbreviated as the jin), and one jin is divided into Sixteen liang" Article 6 of the law stipulates:
"Liang: equal to one-sixteenth of a jin or ten qian (0.0625 jins)." After this metric measurement reform, most documents from this historical period adopted the metric system in parallel with the municipal system, with the corresponding metric weight enclosed in parentheses after the market system.
1959 to present Legally, 1 jin equals 500 grams, and 10 liangs equals 1 jin (that is, 1 liang equals 50 grams). The traditional Chinese medicine measurement system remains unchanged (that is, 1 jin is 605 grams, and 16 liang is 1 jin).
On June 25, 1959, the State Council of the People's Republic of China issued the "Order on the Unified Measurement System", retaining the market system. "The market system originally stated that sixteen liangs are equal to one jin. Due to the trouble of conversion, it should be changed to ten liangs per jin. "[9]
Taiwan and Kinmen and Matsu regions
editthe jin in Taiwan the Republic of China is called Taijin. The so-called Taijin is actually the "jin" used throughout the country during the Qing Dynasty. In 1895, Taiwan was ceded to Japan. The Japanese implemented the metric system, but the Taiwanese still followed their own habits and continued to use the old weights and measures. When mainland China no longer used the old system of the Qing Dynasty, the old system of weights and measures used in Taiwan naturally became the so-called "Taiwan system." 1 Taiwan Jin is 600 grams, which is equal to 16 Taiwan Liang, and 1 Taiwan Liang is equal to 37.5 grams.
The Kinmen and Matsu areas of the Republic of China still implement the above-mentioned "Law of Weights and Measures": 1 market jin is 500 grams, which is equal to 16 market liang, and 1 market liang is 31.25 grams. [10]
Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore
editAccording to the original Hong Kong law, Article 22 of 1884, one jin is 1 and 1⁄3 pounds (that is, 3 jins is equal to 4 pounds). Currently, Hong Kong law stipulates that one jin is equal to one hundredth of a dan or sixteen liangs, which is 0.60478982 kilograms.[3]
Similarly, Singapore law stipulates that one jin is 1 1⁄3 pounds, which is equal to sixteen taels, or 0.6048 kilograms.[5] Malaysia has the same regulations as it is a former British colony. The word catty comes from Malay kati, meaning 'the weight'. It has also been borrowed into English as caddy, meaning a container for storing tea.
A promotional sign at a Hong Kong wet market shows the conversion ratios between metric units, traditional Chinese quality measures and imperial units, including: 1 simajin = 605 grams
Japan
editIn Japan, 1 jin is equal to 600 grams, but it is rarely used. The exception is the jin that is currently measured by the large piece of bread (food bread) before slicing the toast. According to the fair competition regulations of the Japan Bread Fair Trade Council (Japanese Bread Fair Trade Council), a jin only needs to be more than 340 grams. Therefore, 510 grams can be called 1.5 jins. [11]
Vietnam
editVietnam currently uses the jin called "cân ta": 1 sima jin (cân ta) = 0.6046 kilograms = 604.6 grams.
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Catty is an English translation of jin according to its sounds in Malay.
References
edit- ^ Weights and Measures in Use in Taiwan Archived 2010-12-29 at the Wayback Machine from the Republic of China Yearbook – Taiwan 2001.
- ^ "Regulation on Approval and Notification of Herbal (crude) Medicinal Preparations, Etc". Ministry of Food and Drug Safety.
- ^ a b c "Weights and Measures Ordinance". Laws of Hong Kong.
- ^ "Weights and Measures Act 1972". Laws of Malaysia. Archived from the original on 2014-02-01.
- ^ a b "Weights and Measures Act". Statutes of the Republic of Singapore.
- ^ (in Chinese) 1959 Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, No. 180, pages 311 to 312
- ^ "司马)(Sima" (in Chinese). 在线新华字典.
- ^ 莫文暢. 唐字音英語. Event occurs at 20世紀初.
- ^ "国务院关于统一我国计量制度的命令 (Order of the State Council on unifying my country's measurement system)". Archived from the original on 2010-12-06. Retrieved 2015-01-12.
- ^ 金門媳婦 (Kinmen Wife) (2004-09-03). "一斤16兩、半斤8兩 (16 taels per catty, 8 taels for half a catty)". 金門縣金門日報社 (Kinmen County Kinmen Daily) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Retrieved 2022-07-12.
- ^ 日本パン公正取引協議会：包装食パンの斤表示の義務化. www.pan-koutorikyo.jp. Archived from the original on 2020-11-01. Retrieved 2018-08-17.