Khao mor or khao mo (Thai: เขามอ, pronounced [kʰǎw.mɔ̄ː]) is a traditional Thai gardening technique that involves shaping trees, shrubs, and rocks into various geometric and architectural forms, including temples, stupas, landscapes, as well as animals and mythical creatures, while imitating the natural scenery of islands, mountains, and surrounding environments. Its history dates back to the ancient Ayutthaya Kingdom, as evidenced by archaeological findings at King Narai's Palace in Lopburi, Thailand.[2] Historically, Khao mor has been a popular decorative feature in royal palaces, mansions of notable individuals, important temples, and royal gardens.[3] However, during the reign of King Rama III, the concept of Khao mor was extended beyond the palace walls and made accessible to the general public, resulting in its increased popularity and making it a significant aspect of Thai temples, architectural style, and culture.[4][5] The term 'Mor', a clipping of Old Khmer 'thma', means rock, and 'Khao' is the Thai word for mountain or hill.[6][7] Khao mor was influenced by the cultural beliefs and practices of India and China that were brought to Thailand, particularly the notion that tall mountains and deep forests were considered sacred lands where angels and gods reside.[4]
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Khao mor can be observed in temples such as popular destinations like Wat Pho in Bangkok and Wat Prayurawongsawat in Thonburi. In recognition of its cultural significance and unique contributions to Thai gardening, Khao mor was honored with the Cultural Heritage Conservation Award of Excellence by UNESCO in 2013.[2] Today, Khao mor continues to be an important aspect of Thai gardening and culture, and it is often created in smaller, portable sizes that can be easily displayed or transported.[8][9]
References
edit- ^ สัตว์หิมพานต์ประดับพระเมรุในพระราชพิธีพระราชทานเพลิงพระศพ สมเด็จพระเจ้าภคินีเธอ เจ้าฟ้าเพชรรัตนราชสุดา สิริโสภาพัณณวดี (PDF) (in Thai)
- ^ a b "'Khao Mor', The Antique Treasure of Landscape Architecture". RCB Auctions. November 1, 2022.
- ^ Pradittasnee 2016, p. 44–46.
- ^ a b Pradittasnee 2016, p. 46.
- ^ "เขามอ"ในภูมิสถาปัตย์ไทย ความเชื่อพราหมณ์ที่กำลังถูกลืม (in Thai), March 19, 2019
- ^ Pradittasnee 2016, p. 44.
- ^ อิสริยา เลาหตีรานนท์ (2009-05-15), "เขามอ (๑๕ พฤษภาคม ๒๕๕๒)", คลังความรู้ (in Thai), Bangkok: สำนักงานราชบัณฑิตยสภา
- ^ มารู้จักเขามอ…ย่อส่วนต้นไม้ให้เป็น สวนถาด (in Thai), December 27, 2020
- ^ "เขามอ", sacit
- Pradittasnee, Sanitas (2016). "Khao Mo: Mythical Escapism". Nakhara: Journal of Environmental Design and Planning. 12: 43–54.