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| Majapahit-Sundanese conflict | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Map of outcome conflict of Majapahit and Sunda Kingdom in 1487 | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Majapahit |
| ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Gajah Mada Mantri Les † Mantri Baleteng † |
Maharaja Lingga Buana † Dyah Pitaloka † Sri Baduga Maharaja | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
|
Unknown number of troops (Brebes) Large numbers Majapahit troops (Bubat) |
Large number of troops; exact number unknown (Brebes) Sundanese Royal Family, nobles, guards & 2.200 vessels (not all present during the battle) (Bubat) | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
|
Unknown; light casualties (Brebes) Almost all of Sunda party perished, including the Sunda King and Princess Pitaloka (Bubat) | |||||||||
Majapahit-Sundanese conflict was a conflict between Majapahit and Sunda–Galuh Kingdom in c. 14th century–1487. Located in Bubat square in Trowulan, Brebes and Lampung. This conflict between these kingdoms was very popular in history of Java.
Background
edit
This conflict was backgrouned by Gajah Mada's Palapa oath (Sumpah Palapa) that he said: "If I have conquered the Nusantara Archipelago, [then] I will amukti palapa. If [I have] conquered Gurun, Seram, Tanjungpura, Haru, Pahang, Dompo, Bali, Sunda, Palembang, Tumasik, then I will amukti palapa." and Sunda is part of Sumpah Palapa. Because of that, Gajah Mada want to conquer Sunda.
War
editBattle of Brebes
edit
At that time, Majapahit, led by Gajah Mada as Patih, tried to expand its power to the Sunda region. However, before the Majapahit invasion reached the center of the Sunda kingdom, they were blocked at the border by a formidable Sundanese army. Interestingly, the people who crushed the Majapahit army were referred to as Jipang people and the battle begin. According to Kidung Sunda, the Sundanese army from Jipang succeeded in pushing back the Majapahit troops led by two mantri, Les and Beleteng. The battle took place in a hilly area that was difficult to access, and the Majapahit troops suffered a major defeat. Many of the Majapahit soldiers were killed and fled into the ravines, while others died in terrible conditions. The remaining Majapahit troops tried to return to the center of the kingdom, bringing a humiliating defeat. Sundanese successfully repelled the Majapahit invasion and both of Majapahit commanders were killed.[2]
Battle of Bubat
editHayam Wuruk, king of Majapahit decided — probably for political reasons — to take Princess Citraresmi (also known as Dyah Pitaloka) as his spouse. She was a daughter of Prabu Maharaja Linggabuana Wisesa of the Sunda Kingdom. Tradition describes her as a girl of extraordinary beauty. Gajah Mada, the Majapahit prime minister saw the event as an opportunity to demand Sunda's submission to Majapahit overlordship and insisted that instead of becoming queen of Majapahit, the princess was to be presented as a token of submission and treated as a mere concubine of the Majapahit king. The Sunda king was angered and humiliated by Gajah Mada's demand and decided to go back home as well as cancel the royal wedding.
However, Majapahit demanded the hand of the Sundanese princess and besieged the Sunda encampment. As a result, a skirmish took place in Bubat square between the Majapahit army and the Sundanese royal family in defense of their honour. It was uneven and unfairly matched since the Sundanese party was composed mostly of the royal family, state officials, and nobles, accompanied by servants and royal guards. The numbers of the Sundanese party were estimated at fewer than a hundred. On the other hand, the armed guards stationed within Majapahit capital city under Gajah Mada's command were estimated at several thousand well-armed and well-trained troops. The Sundanese party was surrounded in the center of the Bubat square. Some sources mentioned that the Sundanese managed to defend the square and strike back at the Majapahit siege several times. However, as the day went on the Sundanese were exhausted and overwhelmed. Despite facing certain deaths, the Sundanese demonstrated extraordinary courage and chivalry as one by one, all of them fell.
The Sundanese king was killed in a duel with a Majapahit general as well as other Sundanese nobles with almost all of the Sundanese royal party massacred in the tragedy. Tradition says that the heartbroken princess — along with very possibly all remaining Sundanese women — took her own life to defend the honour and dignity of her kingdom. The ritualized suicide by the women of the kshatriya (warrior) class after the defeat of their menfolk, is supposed to defend their pride and honour as well as to protect their chastity, rather than facing the possibility of humiliation through rape, subjugation, or enslavement.[3]
Hayam Wuruk was deeply shocked by the tragedy. Majapahit courtiers, ministers and nobles blamed Gajah Mada for his recklessness, and the brutal consequences were not to the taste of the Majapahit royal family. Gajah Mada was promptly demoted and spent the rest of his days at the estate of Madakaripura in Probolinggo in East Java.
Domination & Unification with lampung
editNiskala Wastu Kancana, King of Sunda–Galuh in the moment he becoming a teenager. He then traveled to Lampung. And from Lampung, he then married the daughter of the King of Lampung, named Lara Sarkati. this and other marriage will become reason of Sundanese domination & unification with Lampung Kingdom. As the result, Sundanese gain Lampung region from Majapahit.[4]
Aftermath
editAfter several battles and conflicts, The outcome of this conflict of rivalry between Sunda Kingdom & Majapahit was very bloody and dramatic. however, from this conflict Sunda Kingdom gains Lampung as result from marriage and domination and Majapahit gains part of Cilacap region as result from Battle of Bubat but still Majapahit cannot dominate or vassalize Sunda Kingdom. This showed how large strength of the Sunda Kingdom that never want to obey or become vassal of another kingdom. such as Majapahit, although they was a large and dominating kingdom in Southeast Asia.
Legacy
editThis conflict between Sunda Kingdom and Majapahit was very popular. as well as Battle of Bubat which the dramatical of this battle was very interesting and even there is colossal drama of this battle. Battle of Bubat also left a myth in Sundanese people that "Sundanese woman can't marry with Javanese man or otherwise".[5]
References
edit- ^ "Kisah Tragis Gajah Mada Gagal Wujudkan Sumpah Palapa Hingga Berakhir di Pengasingan". intisari.grid.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2024-11-11.
- ^ "Invasi Majapahit ke Tatar Sunda Ternyata Berlangsung di Brebes". delik.tv (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2024-11-06.
- ^ "Tragedi Perang Bubat dan Batalnya Pernikahan Hayam Wuruk-Dyah Pitaloka". Historia - Obrolan Perempuan Urban (in Indonesian). 22 May 2015. Archived from the original on 2018-05-06. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
- ^ "Penyatuan Kerajaan sunda dan galuh". Okezone (in Indonesian). 23 August 2024.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|DUPLICATE_website=ignored (help) - ^ "Asal usul mitos orang sunda tidak boleh menikah dengan orang jawa". kumparan.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2024-11-11.