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Mark Bernstein is one of the first publishers of electronic literature in the United States, and has maintained and developed the hypertext authoring software Storyspace since 1990. In addition to publishing hypertext fictions and tools for writing, Bernstein has published dozens of scholarly articles about hypertext that have influenced the development of the field. Bernstein founded the software publishing company Eastgate Systems in 1982 and has been its chief scientist ever since,.[1]
Education and early life
editBernstein graduated from Swathmore College and got his Ph.D. in physical chemistry from Harvardin 1983.[2][3] Bernstein was in college in 1976 when he met Ted Nelson,[4] who sparked his interest in hypertext and non-linear writing.
Hypertext community
editBernstein is known as a 'pioneer of "serious hypertext"'.[5] He founded Eastgate Systems in 1982 as a software publishing company,[5] and through his company became the first commercial publisher of hypertext fictions, beginning in 1990, with Michael Joyce's Afternoon, a story. This role as a literary publisher was as significant as Eastgate's role in maintaining and sold the hypertext authoring software Storyspace. Bernstein also established the literary journal Eastgate Quarterly Review of Hypertext (EQRH).[5]
Bernstein has been a part of ACM Hypertext Conferences in the Program Committee and as the program co-chair in 1996 and 1997.[2][6] He has also been a chair on Web Sci.[7]
Software and works
editTools
editMark Bernstein created and worked on tools to "harness the power of the link."[8] The first system Mark Bernstein created was Hypergate which ran on HyperCard.[6] After seeing Storyspace, first created by Michael Joyce, Jay David Bolter, and John B. Smith, he helped develop the user interface and then programmed this tool for many operating platforms.[6] Bernstein has maintained and extended the Storyspace code since 1990, including completely rewriting it in C from the original Pascal.[9]: 132 Michael Joyce wrote afternoon: a story as one of the first works for StorySpace.[10]
After developing StorySpace, Mark Bernstein created Tinderbox.[8]
Critical works
editBernstein's seminal work, Patterns of hypertext, May 1998 for the UK Conference on Hypertext describes structural hypertext patterns used in early Eastgate works such as True North by Stephanie Strickland and Patchwork Girl by Shelley Jackson.[11] He followed this the next year with Structural patterns and hypertext Rhetoric, which explains navigational anxiety and the evolution of literary hypertexts.[12] His work on pattern recognition in hypertext continued with Trends, fashions, patterns, norms, conventions, and hypertext too in 2001.[13]
Bernstein explored hypertext tools such as Card Shark and Thespis (2001),[14] Brown University's Cave (2009).[15]
Editing
editMark Bernstein and Diane Greco edited the anthology, Reading Hypertext (2011), which, as Marvin Hobson explains "could introduce graduate students to the beauty and complexity involved in reading and writing hypertext literature."[16]
Creative works
editWith Eric Sweeney, Mark Bernstein wrote an early non-fiction hypertext, The Election of 1912.[6]
Lectures and keynotes
editBernstein has been a major keynote speaker at many conferences, including:
- Where are the Hypertexts? 1999 ACM Hypertext Conference
- Blog Talk 2.0 in 2004[17]
- Intimate Information: Organic hypertext structure and incremental formalization for everyone's everyday tasks. 2006[18]
- 1st International Conference on Web Studies at Toluca, Mexico in 2010[19][20]
- The Futures of Digital Studies 2010, the University of Florida[19]
- Hypertext 2010 in Toronto.[19]
- ICIDS2020 KEYNOTE BY MARK BERNSTEIN[21]
References
edit- ^ Beaudoin, Author Luc P. (2022-02-19). "Talking about Hook with Tinderbox Users". CogZest. Retrieved 2024-03-25.
{{cite web}}:|first=has generic name (help) - ^ a b Atzenbeck, Claus (2008-06-01). "Interview with Mark Bernstein". ACM SIGWEB Newsletter. 2008 (Summer): 4:1–4:5. doi:10.1145/1377501.1377505. ISSN 1931-1745.
- ^ "Mark Bernstein". victorianweb.org. Retrieved 2024-03-25.
- ^ November 16, Mark Bernstein | electronicliteraturereview; Am, 2018 at 10:23 (2017-07-20). "#ELRFEAT: Interview with Mark Bernstein (2010)". electronicliteraturereview. Retrieved 2024-03-25.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Ensslin, Astrid (2022). Pre-web Digital Publishing and the Lore of Electronic Literature. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ a b c d "Mark Bernstein". www.eastgate.com. Retrieved 2024-03-25.
- ^ "Program Committee Members – WebSci24". Retrieved 2024-03-25.
- ^ a b Life, The Informed; jarango (2022-10-23). "Mark Bernstein on Tinderbox". The Informed Life. Retrieved 2024-03-25.
- ^ Barnet, Belinda (2013). Memory machines: the evolution of hypertext. London: Anthem Press.
- ^ "» The Eastgate School of "Serious" Hypertext The Digital Antiquarian". Retrieved 2024-03-28.
- ^ Bernstein, Mark (1998). "Patterns of hypertext". Proceedings of the ninth ACM conference on Hypertext and hypermedia : Links, objects, time and space---structure in hypermedia systems links, objects, time and space---structure in hypermedia systems - HYPERTEXT '98. pp. 21–29. doi:10.1145/276627.276630. ISBN 0-89791-972-6. S2CID 317442.
- ^ Bernstein, Mark (1999). "Structural patterns and hypertext rhetoric". ACM Computing Surveys. 31 (4es): 19. doi:10.1145/345966.346011. S2CID 8782711.
- ^ . S2CID 2352884.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Missing or empty|url=(help) - ^ Bernstein, Mark (1998). "Patterns of hypertext". Proceedings of the ninth ACM conference on Hypertext and hypermedia : Links, objects, time and space---structure in hypermedia systems links, objects, time and space---structure in hypermedia systems - HYPERTEXT '98. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States: ACM Press. pp. 21–29. doi:10.1145/276627.276630. ISBN 978-0-89791-972-2.
- ^ . S2CID 12774710.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Missing or empty|url=(help) - ^ Hobson, Marvin E. (2011). "Mark Bernstein and Diane Greco, Reading Hypertext". Hyperrhiz: New Media Cultures (8): 1. doi:10.20415/hyp/008.r01. ISSN 1555-9351.
- ^ "BlogTalk 2.0". 2004.blogtalk.net. Retrieved 2024-03-25.
- ^ Kim, Eugene (2006-08-22), Mark Bernstein's Keynote, retrieved 2024-03-25
- ^ a b c "Electronic Literature Authoring Software - Interview with Mark Bernstein". www.narrabase.net. Retrieved 2024-03-25.
- ^ "interviewmark". webs.ucm.es. Retrieved 2024-03-25.
- ^ mirjame (2020-11-06). "ICIDS2020 Keynote by Mark Bernstein". Mirjam's Art Blog. Retrieved 2024-03-25.