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Last edited by Gonnym (talk | contribs) 36 days ago. (Update) |
| Pandunia | |
|---|---|
| Region | whole world |
Default
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | pd |
| ISO 639-2 | pda |
| ISO 639-3 | pda |
Pandunia is an artificial language based on natural languages that aims to promote and simplify international communication.[1] Pandunia is mainly based on English and Chinese, but is also influenced by other languages, including French, Spanish, Arabic, Indonesian, and Swahili.[2] Grammatically, Pandunia is analytical language, so its words are not inflected for case, number, tense or person.[3]
Pandunia was developed by Risto Kupsala and Jens Wilkinson.[4] According to the authors, Pandunia emerged in 2007, not as a reaction to old Western auxiliary languages, but as a consequence of global networking. In their opinion, it is natural that world language originates in a wide variety of languages of the world.[5]
According to Kauko Kämäräinen, Pandunia is radically different from Esperanto and other more widely known auxiliary languages. It is special because of its extremely truncated grammar and also because its vocabulary is geographically exceptionally comprehensive and culturally diverse.[4]
Sounds
editVowels
edit| front | back | |
|---|---|---|
| high | i | u |
| mid | e | o |
| low | a | |
Weighting
editUnlike Finnish, in Pandunia almost all vowels are pronounced short. A long vowel can only appear in an accented syllable. A word's stress is usually on the syllable preceding the last consonant. E.g. Loga (Lóga), Safar (Safár), Arab (Arábi).
Some of the most common pronouns and prepositions—such as "mi" ('I'), mimon ('we'), and na ('visit') – have no stress.
Consonants
edit| bilabial | labio- dental |
apico- alveolar |
Post- alveolar |
palatal | dorso- velar |
glottal | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plosive | p | b | t | d | k | g | ||||||||
| nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||||||||
| Tremulant | r | |||||||||||||
| fricative | f | s | z | ʃ | h | |||||||||
| affricate | tʃ | dʒ | ||||||||||||
| lateral | l | |||||||||||||
| semivowel | w | j | ||||||||||||
The letter r is pronounced either as an apicoaveolar tremulant [r] or as an approximation [ ɹ]. The letter v is pronounced either as a labioveral semivowel [w] or as a labiodental semivowel [ʋ].
Voiceless consonants and affricates (p, t, k, and ch) are aspirates, i.e. they are followed by an additional h-like sound that contributes to their contrast from the corresponding voiced consonants (b, d, g, and j).
Pandunia has ŋ sound before k and g. The -ng at the end of a word can be pronounced equally /ŋ/ or /ŋg/.
Writing system
edit[6] The Pandunian alphabet includes the following letters:
a b ch d e f g h i j k l m n o p r s sh t u v y z
In contrast to English, ch is pronounced /tʃ/, j is pronounced /dʒ/, sh is pronounced /ʃ/ and y is pronounced /j/. The other letters are pronounced almost as in Finnish and the writing is phonetic in the same way.
Grammar
editPandunia is a very simple language compared to European languages in terms of basic grammar. Pandunian words are not inflected at all, but grammatical relationships between words are expressed by word order and auxiliary words. There are even tenses or plurals as such, but they are expressed by separate auxiliary words.[5] Pandunia is SVO language, so the basic word order of the sentence is subject–verb–object.[4]
Pandunia is characterized by attributes indicating time, number, class of habits or place. For example, tenses are expressed, where appropriate, by auxiliary words as follows: "mi pas loga" (I spoke); mi zai loga (I'm talking); Mi Sha Loga (I'm going to speak). [6]
Glossary
editThe Pandunian vocabulary consists mostly of loanwords that are internationally known somewhere in the world. [6]
- bote (boat)[6] is similar to English boat, German Boot, Spanish bote, Hindi पोत (pōt) and Swahili bot.
- chai (tee)[6] is similar to Mandarin 茶 (chá), Korean 차 (cha), Russian чай (čai), Hindi चाय (cāy), Swahili chai and Portuguese chá.
- nam (name)[6] is similar to Hindi नाम (nām), Indonesian nama, Japanese 名前 (namae), English Name and German Name.
- rang (color)[6] is similar to Persian رنگ (rang), Hindi रंग (rāng), Turkish renk, Swahili rangi and lingalan lang.
- safar (journey)[6] is similar to Arabic and Persian سفر (safar), Turkish sefer, Swahili safari and English and Finnish safari.
Often one Pandunian word covers a wider range of meanings than usual and can correspond to several words from other languages. One of these words is "daria".[7]
- daria (river, lake, sea) is similar to Persian دریا (daryā), Hindi दर्या (daryā), Turkish derya and Uzbek daryo.
Examples
edit- salam! [sa.'lam] = 'Hello!'
- salam lai do Finnish! [sa.'lam 'lai 'do 'suo.mi] = 'Welcome to Finland!'
- salam ga! [sa.'lam 'tʃ u.te] = 'Goodbye!'
- shukur. ['ʃu.kur] = 'Thank you.'
- tu kechi. [ˈtu ˈkeː.tʃ i] = 'Please.'
- ching... ['tʃiŋ] = 'Please and...'
- mi ama tu. ['mi 'aː.ma 'tu] = 'I love you.'
- sual tu ama mi? [' swal 'tu 'aː.ma 'mi] = 'Do you love me?'
- tu su nam si ke? ['tu 'su 'nam 'si 'ke] = 'What's your name?'
- mi su nam si... ['mi 'su 'nam 'si] = 'My name is...'
- tu dom ke? ['tu 'dom 'ke] = 'Where do you live?'
- mi dom... ['mi 'dom] = 'I live...'
- tu ze ke? ['tu 'ze 'ke] = 'Where do you come from?'
- mi ze Finnish. ['mi 'ze 'suo.mi] = 'I come from Finland.'
- Mi no bon basha pandunia. ['mi 'no 'bon' baː.ʃ a pan.'duː.ni.a] = 'I don't speak pandun well.'
- sual tu basha Finnish / sven / english? ['swal 'tu 'baː.ʃ a 'suo.mi / 'sweːn / 'eŋ.gliʃ] = 'Do you speak Finnish / Swedish / English?'
Sources
edit- ^ Lichargin, Dmitrii Viktorovich; Lade, Alexandra Vadimovna; Safonov, Konstantin Vladimirovich (2016). "Applying Conlangs to the Natural Languages Generation Based on Generative Grammars". Филологические науки. Вопросы теории и практики. 12 (66): 128–133. ISSN 1997-2911.
- ^ Libert, Alan Reed (2018). "Artificial Languages". Oxford Research Encyclopedias Linguistics. New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.11. ISBN 978-0-19-938465-5. Retrieved 2018-10-07.
- ^ "Conlang Atlas of Language Structures". 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
- ^ a b c Kämäräinen, Kauko (2017). Invented languages, forgotten utopias. Tampere: Reverse. ISBN 978-952-68295-1-7.
- ^ a b Kupsala, Risto (2017). "Pandunia, a Global Language" (PDF).
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Introduction - Pandunia language".
- ^ Libert, Alan Reed; Moskovsky, Christo (2015). "Terms for Bodies of Water in A Posteriori and Mixed Artificial Languages". Journal of Universal Languages. 16 (2). Seoul: Sejong University: 27–62. doi:10.22425/jul.2015.16.2.27. Retrieved 2018-10-11.
External links
edit