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Draft:Paolo Lusso

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Paolo Lusso is an Italian doctor and scientist. He is also a United States citizen.

He is the Chief of the Viral Pathogenesis Section at the Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, in Bethesda, Maryland (USA), where he conducts biomedical research in the field of HIV-1 pathogenesis and vaccine development. He is best known for his 1995 discovery of three chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) that naturally block HIV-1, i.e., RANTES, MIP-1α and MIP-1β,[1] which inaugurated the field of HIV and chemokines,[2] and was recognized by Science magazine as "Breakthrough of the Year".[3] In recent years, he has devised an original strategy for the development of a protective vaccine for HIV-1 based on mRNA.

He is married with Patrizia Farci, another Italian doctor and scientist. They have one son, Emanuele.

Education

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Paolo Lusso earned his M.D. at the University of Turin (1981, summa cum laude) and then became board-certified specialist in Internal Medicine (University of Turin) and Infectious Diseases (University of Milan). In 1989, he received a Ph.D. from the University of Bologna. His was initial trained at the Department of Internal Medicine of the University of Turin (Molinette Hospital) under Robin Foa and Felice Gavosto.

Career

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In 1986, Lusso joined the laboratory of Robert C. Gallo at the National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), in Bethesda, Maryland, where he worked until 1994 on the newly discovered human herpesvirus HHV-6 and HIV-1. In 1995, he returned to Italy to become the Chief of the Laboratory of Human Virology at the San Raffaele Scientific Institute in Milan where he established a research team focused on the role of chemokines in HIV-1/AIDS.[4] He was also nominated Professor of Infectious Diseases and Director of the Post-Graduate School of Infectious Diseases initially at the University of Bologna and, subsequently, at the University of Cagliari. In 2007, he returned to the NIH, where he became Chief of the Viral Pathogenesis Section at the LIR, NIAID.

Research

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Lusso's major scientific accomplishments include the establishment of the first connection between the fields of HIV-1 and chemokines with his discovery of three chemokines that naturally block HIV-1 (i.e., RANTES, MIP−1α and MIP−1β),1 the elucidation of multiple mechanisms of interaction between the CD4+ T-lymphotropic human herpesvirus HHV-6 and HIV-1,[5][6][7] the in-vitro and in-vivo characterization of chemokine receptor usage by HIV-1,[8][9] the identification of the cellular receptors for HHV-6[10] and HHV-7,[11] the discovery of a second receptor (CD4)-binding site for HIV-1,[12] and the development of a protective mRNA vaccine against HIV-1 (in collaboration with Moderna; featured on the cover page of the journal Nature Medicine).[13][14] The HIV-1 vaccine designed by Lusso utilizes mRNA to instruct the body to produce virus-like particles (VLPs), which closely mimic real-life HIV-1 virions (albeit lacking infectivity) and, thereby, induce more effective immune responses. It has demonstrated protective efficacy in rhesus macaques.13

Lusso has published more than 220 research papers in peer-reviewed scientific journals, in addition to many book chapters and editorials. He is an Executive Editor of Current HIV Research and a member of the Editorial Board of several scientific journals.

Major Honors and Awards

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◦ "Breakthrough of the Year 1996" (for the discovery of the HIV-suppressive chemokines), Science, Washington, D.C. (USA)

◦ EMBO (European Molecular Biology Organization), Elected Member, Heidelberg, Germany

◦ Norman P. Salzman Memorial Award for Mentorship in Virology, Bethesda, Maryland (USA)

◦ AAM (American Academy of Microbiology), Elected Fellow, Washington, D.C. (USA)

  1. ^ Cocchi, F; DeVico, AL; Garzino-Demo, A; Arya, SK; Gallo, RC; Lusso, P (15 December 1995). "Identification of RANTES, MIP-1 alpha, and MIP-1 beta as the major HIV-suppressive factors produced by CD8+ T cells". Science. 270 (5243): 1811–5. doi:10.1126/science.270.5243.1811. PMID 8525373.
  2. ^ Balter, M (8 December 1995). "Elusive HIV-suppressor factors found". Science. 270 (5242): 1560–1. doi:10.1126/science.270.5242.1560. PMID 7502059.
  3. ^ Bloom, FE (20 December 1996). "Breakthroughs of the year, 1996". Science. 274 (5295): 1987. doi:10.1126/science.274.5295.1987. PMID 8984651.
  4. ^ Balter, M (7 July 1995). "Italy. Returning émigrés add new luster to AIDS research". Science. 269 (5220): 24–5. doi:10.1126/science.7604274. PMID 7604274.
  5. ^ Lusso, P; Ensoli, B; Markham, PD; Ablashi, DV; Salahuddin, SZ; Tschachler, E; Wong-Staal, F; Gallo, RC (26 January 1989). "Productive dual infection of human CD4+ T lymphocytes by HIV-1 and HHV-6". Nature. 337 (6205): 370–3. doi:10.1038/337370a0. PMID 2463490.
  6. ^ Lusso, P; De Maria, A; Malnati, M; Lori, F; DeRocco, SE; Baseler, M; Gallo, RC (7 February 1991). "Induction of CD4 and susceptibility to HIV-1 infection in human CD8+ T lymphocytes by human herpesvirus 6". Nature. 349 (6309): 533–5. doi:10.1038/349533a0. PMID 1846951.
  7. ^ Lusso, P; Malnati, MS; Garzino-Demo, A; Crowley, RW; Long, EO; Gallo, RC (1 April 1993). "Infection of natural killer cells by human herpesvirus 6". Nature. 362 (6419): 458–62. doi:10.1038/362458a0. PMID 7681936.
  8. ^ Scarlatti, G; Tresoldi, E; Björndal, A; Fredriksson, R; Colognesi, C; Deng, HK; Malnati, MS; Plebani, A; Siccardi, AG; Littman, DR; Fenyö, EM; Lusso, P (November 1997). "In vivo evolution of HIV-1 co-receptor usage and sensitivity to chemokine-mediated suppression". Nature medicine. 3 (11): 1259–65. doi:10.1038/nm1197-1259. PMID 9359702.
  9. ^ Cocchi, F; DeVico, AL; Garzino-Demo, A; Cara, A; Gallo, RC; Lusso, P (November 1996). "The V3 domain of the HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein is critical for chemokine-mediated blockade of infection". Nature medicine. 2 (11): 1244–7. doi:10.1038/nm1196-1244. PMID 8898753.
  10. ^ Santoro, F; Kennedy, PE; Locatelli, G; Malnati, MS; Berger, EA; Lusso, P (23 December 1999). "CD46 is a cellular receptor for human herpesvirus 6". Cell. 99 (7): 817–27. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81678-5. PMID 10619434.
  11. ^ Lusso, P; Secchiero, P; Crowley, RW; Garzino-Demo, A; Berneman, ZN; Gallo, RC (26 April 1994). "CD4 is a critical component of the receptor for human herpesvirus 7: interference with human immunodeficiency virus". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 91 (9): 3872–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.9.3872. PMID 7909607.
  12. ^ Liu, Q; Acharya, P; Dolan, MA; Zhang, P; Guzzo, C; Lu, J; Kwon, A; Gururani, D; Miao, H; Bylund, T; Chuang, GY; Druz, A; Zhou, T; Rice, WJ; Wigge, C; Carragher, B; Potter, CS; Kwong, PD; Lusso, P (April 2017). "Quaternary contact in the initial interaction of CD4 with the HIV-1 envelope trimer". Nature structural & molecular biology. 24 (4): 370–378. doi:10.1038/nsmb.3382. PMID 28218750.
  13. ^ Zhang, P; Narayanan, E; Liu, Q; Tsybovsky, Y; Boswell, K; Ding, S; Hu, Z; Follmann, D; Lin, Y; Miao, H; Schmeisser, H; Rogers, D; Falcone, S; Elbashir, SM; Presnyak, V; Bahl, K; Prabhakaran, M; Chen, X; Sarfo, EK; Ambrozak, DR; Gautam, R; Martin, MA; Swerczek, J; Herbert, R; Weiss, D; Misamore, J; Ciaramella, G; Himansu, S; Stewart-Jones, G; McDermott, A; Koup, RA; Mascola, JR; Finzi, A; Carfi, A; Fauci, AS; Lusso, P (December 2021). "A multiclade env-gag VLP mRNA vaccine elicits tier-2 HIV-1-neutralizing antibodies and reduces the risk of heterologous SHIV infection in macaques". Nature medicine. 27 (12): 2234–2245. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01574-5. PMID 34887575.
  14. ^ Morris, L (December 2021). "mRNA vaccines offer hope for HIV". Nature medicine. 27 (12): 2082–2084. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01602-4. PMID 34887576.
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