Wikipedia

Draft:Seven Months' War

The Seven Months' War (Adyghe: Мазибл зауэ, romanized: Məzibl zawə) was a stage on the eastern theater of the Russo-Circassian War (1763-1864) that began in 1779 between the Russian Empire and the Grand Principality of Kabarda. It was the largest conflict in the war up to that time.[1][2]

Before the war

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The construction of the Mozdok Fortress in 1763 marked the beginning of Russia's conquest of the Caucasus. The free use of migration routes was crucial for the Kabardians, who made their living from animal husbandry. However, Russia’s expansionism that started with Mozdok Fortress was cutting off these vital routes, causing the Kabardian economy to collapse, leaving the people impoverished and under harsh living conditions.[3] In 1774, Russia pursued to take over the eastern lands of Kabarda and continued to build the Kizlyar-Mozdok line, citing the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca as the reason.[4] This occupation worsened the socio-economic situation of the Kabardian people. Two aristocratic factions of Kabarda, Baksan and Kashkhatau, united against the Russian threat.[5] All diplomatic efforts to stop the invasion were unsuccessful.[6]

In the fall of 1777, Russian General Ivan Yakobi was appointed as the commander of the Caucasus Corps, replacing General De Medem.[7][8] In the same year, Russia started to build ten Fortresses along the new line from Mozdok to Azov in a distance of 500 kilometers with the order of Grigory Potemkin.[4][9][10][11][12] Kabardians attempted to several attacks to prevent the construction of the fortresses.[13] Azov-Mozdok line was built by Russian and Cossack troops, with the involvement of subjects loyal to the Russians. To accelerate the construction in the summer of 1777, the serfs faced increased pressure.[14] The forts built along the Azov-Mozdok line on Kabardian territory were; Yekaterinogradskaya, Marinskaya, Georgiyevsk, Alexandrovskoye, Andreyevsky, Stavrapol and Pavlovsk.[15][6][1][10][16] Pavlovsk also served as General Yakobi's main headquarters.[10] Stanitsas bearing the same names as the fortresses were established in their vicinity.[17] The main fortress of the line was the Marinskaya Fortress.[18]

 
The fortresses of the Azov-Mozdok Line on the map.

Diplomatic efforts yielding no results, in 1778, Kabardians commanded by Dulak-Sultan, attacked Pavlovsk Fortress in June but were repelled by Colonel Baron Wilhelm von Asheraden.[19] Russian casultaies were 40 wounded and killd.[19] On June 4, they launched an assault on Stavropol but again achieved no results.[20] At the end of 1778, Kabardians tried diplomatic solutions again, but they were unsuccessful.[6]

On March 29, 1779, the Kabardian nobles and princes held a national congress. Grand Prince Tatarkhan Jankhot took an anti-war stance and stated that the Kabardians could not confront Russia. However the most of the aristocrats were determined to fight until the lost territories were regained.[6] During the congress, a letter was written in Tatar—the lingua franca of the region—to the commander of the Mozdok Fortress, Dimitry Tuganov, signed by prominent Kabardian princes: "If the Russians do not destroy all the fortresses they have built—except for Yekaterinogradskaya—we swear that we are ready to wage war along the Kuban Circassians and to die."[7]

On April 28 the letter was translated into Russian.[7] Then on May 1, at the request of the Kabardians, Lieutenant Colonel Yakim Chornin who was the adjudant to Dimitry Tuganov met with the Kabardians. They declared that any correspondence or letters from the Russians would not be acknowledged buildings. All diplomatic relations had been severed. They expressed that they no longer want to see anyone from Russia.[7]

War Preparations

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In the spring of 1779, Kabardians crossed the Malka River and settled in Keytiqo Tuasha—near present-day Psykhurei—in the Kurey Plain, where all the war preparations were made in this forest; they began producing siege equipment and weapons, as well as constructing small defensive buildings.[10][6] Nogais, Chechens, Besleneys, and Chemirgoys also joined the Kabardians.[14][10] Circassians had a total of 15,000 cavalry (10,000 men according to other sources [including the 3,000 from other Circassian tribes]).[7][1][21][22]

According to tradition, the Grand Prince would be the commander-in-chief during wartime.[10][22] However, since Tatarkhan Jankhot did not participate in the war, Prince Misost Bematiqwa, known for his military skills, was elected as the commander-in-chief. Kabardians were divided into three main armies: Misost Bematiqwa directly commanded one, Prince Hamirza Keytiqo led the second, and Prince Karamirza Misost commanded the third army.[6][7][10] Prince Kenamet Yelbezdiqo was responsible for intelligence affairs.[10]

The War

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On March, Circassian cavalries—numbered 6-7,000—led by Kabardian Prince Dulak-Sultan attacked Marinskaya with Nogais, Besleneys and Chemirgoys, they cut off the reinforcement line of the fortresses.[23][21][7][6][14] They managed to take back 5,000 cattle from the Cossacks that had been taken from the Kabardians and killed 85 Cossacks.[21][10][7] At that time General Yakobi, stationed in Pavlovsk Fortress with a force of 2,000 soldiers and awaiting reinforcements, ordered that all Kabardians in Kizlyar be imprisoned and subjected to hard labor. The adult hostages, who were "peaceful" Circassians, were chained, and all the hostages were sent to Astrakhan. In the following years, requests for the return of the hostages were denied.[15] Yakobi used this situation to threaten the Kabardians who were attacking Marinskaya.[7][15]

 
Stavrapol Fortress

In mid-May, the Circassians launched widespread attacks on Russian fortresses and stanitsas.[6] Yelbezdiqo bribed Artemy Voskanyan, an Armenian from Crimea. Voskanyan sneaked into Alexandrovsky Fortress and set fire to the dining hall near the church. The smoke from the fire signaled the Kabardian army to attack, and they began their assault.[10][6] They captured animals, prisoners, and goods during the attack.[24] Chechens attacked the Kalinovsky stanista around the Mozdok Fortress.[7] 1,500 Circassians from Besleney and Chemirgoy attacked Stavrapol.[6][10][7][25] On May 30, 500 Circassians led by Dulak-Sultan attacked Alexandrovsky Fortress.[10][7][26][27] They managed to seize the horses of the Ustinov regiment but failed to capture the fortress due to heavy rifle and artillery fire and retrated with more than 90 casualties.[26][24] Clashes also occurred in Pyatigorsk.[6]

On June 4, Kabardian forces led by Dulak-Sultan, attempted to seize Stavropol Fortress but failed.[28] In June, the Circassians attacked Alexeyevsky Fort but retreated after the clashes while a separate contingent of Circassians attacked a Cossack unit there and defeated them, resulting in 18 casualties for the Cossacks.[29][30] 6,000 Circassians led by Dulak-Sultan attacked Andreyevsky Fortress on June but repelled.[31] In the same month, near Stavropol Fortress, a Cossack detachment under the command of Colonel Yefim Dmitrievich attacked a Circassian detachment and defeated them.[32]

Ottoman spies disseminated rumors among the Kabardians that the Ottomans would extend assistance; however, no help was provided.[10]

The Night Assault

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On June 5, a 5-6,000-strong Kabardian army—with Chechens—led by Prince Hamirza Keytiqo was divided into 3 detachments.[15][10][33] The first detachment attacked the Cossacks and Kalmyks who were attempting to join General Yakobi's main army. The second detachment attacked Marinskaya Fortress and the last detachment made its way to attack Pavlovsk Fortress. Kabardians withdrew due to the heavy cannon and gunfire that opened up as they approached the Pavlovsk. Marinskaya Fortress couldn't be taken for two days. Kabardians lost 120 men while sieging the Marinskaya.[10] On the night of June 9, the Kabardians besieging Marinskaya Fortress began digging trenches.[7]

On June 10, Yakobi left Pavlovsk Fortress with his army, dividing his forces into three main groups for the battle. The Kabardians formed a single row, 4 kilometers long, to take battle positions according to the enemy's position.[7] They then split into three groups and rushed Yakobi's army. As the Kabardians approached, Russians suddenly opened heavy artillery and rifle fire.[7][10]

The Kabardians retreated to reorganize for another assault and they attacked the left flank of the Russians. The Russian left flank turned out to be stronger than the Kabardians had expected and had to retreat, suffering heavy losses (550 men including 50 nobles and princes).[7][10][15] The commander of Marinskaya Fortress, Bas Y. left his fortress and launched an attack on the Kabardians positioned in the trench, resulting in the deaths of 97 Kabardians.[10] Thus, General Yakobi forced the Kabardians who attacked the Marinskaya to lift the siege.[34]

General Yakobi stated in his general report dated June 18: "I defeated them decisively; they suffered 3,000 casualties, both wounded and killed."[6] After the Kabardian defeat in the Night Assault, they had to reduce their attacks and reorganize for a month.[7] In July, considering the situation in Kabardia to be very serious, Catherine II issued a secret decree allowing Russian armies to take whatever actions they deemed necessary in Kabarda.[10]

Aftermath Clashes of the Night Assault

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In the new orders sent by Catherine II to the Russian armies, it was instructed that the forces should not launch a general attack until September 15 and remain on the defensive.[34] Kabardians attacked the Georgievsky Fortress in August and September.[35] In August, General Yakobi's army received new reinforcements.[34] The Kabardians were constantly harassing Yakobi's forces, destroying their sentinels and stealing their herds.[34]

At the end of August, a 1,000-strong Kabardian army attacked an 80-man Russian unit under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Nikolai Lvovich near Georgievsk while they were transporting supplies to Marinskaya Fortress. However, the Kabardian army was fired upon by snipers who had taken up positions at a distance, causing them to retreat with more than 100 casualties.[36][7][34] On September 25, a new reinforcement army under the command of General-Major Fedor Fabritsian arrived in Kabarda from Poland.[34] On September 27, the Circassians attacked an Russian unit consists of 80 soldier near Yekaterinogradskaya, killing 41 Russians, including an officer, and capturing gunpowder, ammunition, and one cannon.[37][34]

Battle of Keytiqo

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On October 10 (September 29 O.S.) the armies of Fabritsian and Yakobi arrived at the headquarters of the Kabardians, located on the south bank of the Malka River which is the exact camp where all the war preparations were made.[6] It is likely that someone informed Yakobi of the exact location of the Kabardian army's headquarters.[6][10] Fabritsian crossed the Malka River with 1,000 Cossacks, 1,000 Kalmyks, 2 battalions and 2 companies from the Mozdok battalion, then sent a group of cavalry toward the herd where the Kabardians kept their horses, driving off the horses of 2,000 warriors.[7][10] The Kabardians were consisted of 2-350 nobles and 50 princes.[10]

Yakobi divided his 10-battalion army into two to encircle the Kabardians from both the left and right sides of the headquarters on the riverbank, where most of the distinguished Kabardian leaders would be killed.[6] He took position on the hill with the infantry, which allowed them to easily target the Kabardian headquarters with rifles.[7][6] Kabardian sentinels didn't do their duty. Thus, the Kabardians woke up completely encircled.

At dawn, the Russian forces issued calls for surrender. The Kabardians responded to the surrender call with rifle fire.[6][10] The battle started at 7 AM and ended at 12 PM with the complete annihilation of the Kabardian forces and the destruction of their headquarters, overwhelmed by the strategically, technologically, and numerically superior Russian troops.[6] Throughout the battle, intense artillery fire was continuously directed at the headquarters by the Russian units.[10] Russian forces suffered 20 deaths and 80 injuries.[34] The remaining Kabardian forces retreated to Baksan River.[34]

End of the War

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After the defeat of the Kabardians' most distinguished warriors, the Kabardian princes began negotiations. However, these negotiations were actually a diversion to organize new attacks on Russian fortresses. In order to prevent a new attack, the Russians decided to attack deep into Kabarda to crush the remaining resistance.[34]

General Yakobi set up a camp along the banks of the Malka River for a month and commenced his campaign into Great Kabarda on November 27, while Colonel Saveliyev was in command of the campaign into Little Kabarda.[7][10] Clashes occurred in Tambiy village.[7] Kabardian villages were burned by the Russian forces during the campaign.[10]

At the beginning of December, General Yakobi and General-Major Fabritsian formally declared the subjugation of Kabarda.[10] The Caucasian Military Administration deemed it “impossible for the Kabardians to recover.”[10]

On December 2, the Kabardian princes made a sworn to Russia.[7][34] The clauses in the oath document were as follows:[4]

  1. The livestock, goods, and money claimed to have been plundered—by your side—during the past summer must be fully reimbursed as of today. You are required to account for the spoils obtained in war. You are obligated to return all of our losses in full. The assets to be given are specified below:
    • 2150 Horses
    • 1914 Cattle
    • 2845 Cows
    • 4539 Sheep
    • 10,000 rubles
  2. All captives taken from forts or along roads, including those seized by Chechens near the Kalinovskaya stanitsa, must be returned. This includes items stolen in 1777 from Mr. Molchanov, valued at 300 rubles. Additionally, items stolen from the residents of Kizlyar and Mozdok, as well as from Georgians, Armenians, and Tatars, must also be returned. You are obligated to comply with these demands immediately and unconditionally. Furthermore, you must hand over all Russian captives currently held in Kabarda, in full, to Colonel Dimitry Taganov. You are also required to deliver any deserters who fled from the Russians to your side last summer.
  3. If any theft occurs against us in the future, whether committed by Chechens, Temirgoys, Besleneys, or any other group, any individuals suspected of being in collaboration must vacate their lands and compensate for the losses incurred.
  4. The border of Kabarda will be set at the Malka River, as it was before, in accordance with the Czarina's order. All lands beyond the Malka River will remain under the possession of the fortresses associated with the established fortress lines. Therefore, you shall neither move your livestock across the river, nor engage in agriculture there, nor consider these lands as belonging to you until receiving full permission from the regional fortress commander. Previously, you were granted permission to move your livestock beyond the border, but you abused this privilege. Thus, you are now deprived of this benefit.
  5. No one may cross the border without the permit issued by Colonel Taganov, depending on the situation. The passage of livestock across the border is strictly prohibited. If certain individuals have a reason to cross the border, they may enter by informing the fortress commander through the guard at the border. If the commander grants permission based on the situation and the individual's need to cross, then if the person is an aristocrat, they must be accompanied by two armed guards; if they are a commoner, they must be accompanied by one armed guard. These individuals must enter with the guard and should remain at the gate in case of any unforeseen circumstances. Entry into the fortresses —in any unforeseen situations—without the commander's permission is prohibited. They will only be allowed to remain in the designated area in the fortress if they are allowed to enter.
  6. Whatever orders Her Imperial Majesty may issue, you are required, as stipulated in your oath, to carry out those commands diligently. You must not contradict or reject any of Her Majesty's wise orders, covenants, or rules, fully understanding that you are eternally subjects of Her Imperial Majesty.
  7. You shall by no means interfere with the Kuban Circassians, Temirgoys or Besleneys neither in their councils nor in their defense. You shall especially avoid theft and be content with your own property, your needs, and your agriculture. If you should deviate from this, you shall feel the wrath of Her Imperial Majesty and suffer severe punishment.
  8. For the improvement of your well-being is proposed by your superior chief Czarina, you must accept all measures taken to this end with a grateful spirit and without objection.
  9. If any of the common people are oppressed by burdens, excessive levies, or other humiliations, or are forced into shameful undertakings or actions (like resisting Russia)[10], then they shall be allowed to leave their landlords and possessions and seek a place to live in other places and between the lines, if they so desire, and to find refuge and protection there. Landlords shall not be allowed to interfere with them, for such is the supreme will of Her Imperial Majesty.
  10. You shall not hinder the people in any way if they wish to resettle or migrate to Mozdok or other places, since they have never been your subjects. Therefore, you shall allow them to settle in Mozdok and other places, according to the supreme will of Her Imperial Majesty.
  11. For all wrongs and injustices committed among yourselves, you must seek justice from the Imperial Majesty's representative, senior owner of Jankhot. You must not take the law into your own hands, especially avoid revenge, which is contrary to Allah and the teachings of your prophet Muhammad. If any wrongdoing is committed against you by us, you may seek justice through your representative, and full justice will be ensured as it has been before.
  12. The fulfillment of all the claims outlined in all the points is entrusted to the senior owner of Jankhot Tatarkhan, and the most reliable owner of all of Kabarda, Misost Bematiqwa, who must make every effort to fulfill them without any delay and to hand over the collected claims to the Colonel Taganov.
  13. "We shall swear allegiance and affix our seals to fulfill all of the above as soon as possible. We accept all these points with gratitude and pledge to fulfill all the commands and decrees of Her Imperial Majesty, as well as to return the requested claims as soon as possible and to do whatever else the owners have indicated with their seals. In confirmation of this obligation, which we promise to fulfill, we swear a sacred oath before the Holy Quran, the almighty God, and His great prophet Muhammad, kissing the Quran and affixing our seals."

The Kabardians struggled for a year to meet the Russian demands.[7] The Caucasian Military Administration was given the following order: "Above all, do not allow the mountaineers to unite. If possible, sow chaos among them."[10] Little Kabarda was also forbidden from conducting diplomacy with the Chechens.[10]

During the war, Ottomans reinforced their fortresses on the Caucasus coast.[7] The rights conferred upon the common people were intended to diminish the authority of the Kabardian princes, weakening the resistance of the aristocrats by destabilizing the socio-political situation in Kabarda.[4][10] During and after the war, some Kabardian princes settled in Georgia at the invitation of King Heraclius II, while others settled in the Kuban region.[10][38]

Kabardians were also prohibited from establishing diplomacy with Ottoman Empire and Crimean Khanate.[4][6] It was decreed not to interfere with the people’s acceptance of Christianity, and a prohibition was imposed on involvement with the Ingush and Ossetians.[4]

Legacy

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References

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  1. ^ a b c "Семимесячная война 1779 года" [Seven Months War 1779]. Адыги .RU - Новости Адыгеи, история, культура и традиции адыгов (черкесов) (in Russian). 2020. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
  2. ^ Korotayev, Andrey. "A Troubled Return to the Homeland: Syrian Circassians in Southern Russia". Syrian Circassians in Southern Russia: 9.
  3. ^ Richmond, Walter (2013-04-09). The Circassian Genocide. Rutgers University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4.
  4. ^ a b c d e f З.ж, Глашева (2021). "ДОКУМЕНТЫ К ИСТОРИИ СЕМИМЕСЯЧНОЙ ВОЙНЫ В КАБАРДЕ 1778-1779 ГГ" [DOCUMENTS ON THE HISTORY OF THE SEVEN-MONTH WAR IN KABARDA 1778-1779]. Известия Кабардино-Балкарского научного центра РАН (in Russian). 1 (99): 70–81. ISSN 1991-6639.
  5. ^ Jaimoukha, Amjad. A Brief History of Kabarda [from the Seventh Century AD] (PDF). p. 33. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2024.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Zolchanin (2024-05-21). "К истории семимесячной войны кабардинцев 1779г. * Zolka.ru" [On the history of the seven-month war of the Kabardians in 1779]. Zolka.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2024-10-23.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Kaya, Yalçın. Çerkesler 2. Kitap: Kafkasya Savaşları Tarihi [Circassians - 2 - History of the Caucasus Wars] (in Turkish). pp. 124-127-128-129-130-131-137.
  8. ^ "Военные действия на Северном Кавказе и в Закавказье в 1765–1800 гг" [Military actions in the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia from 1765 to 1800.]. runivers.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2024-10-26.
  9. ^ Bashqawi, Adel (2017-09-15). Circassia: Born to Be Free. Xlibris Corporation. pp. 58–59. ISBN 978-1-5434-4765-1.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag "1779 гъэм Къэбэрдейм щекIуэкIа мазибл зауэр" [The Seven Months War in Kabarda in 1779]. apkbr.ru (in Kabardian). Retrieved 2024-10-23.
  11. ^ Namıtok, Aytek (1956). The Voluntary Adherence of Kabarda (Eastern Circassia) to Russia (PDF). p. 10.
  12. ^ "Родился Григорий Александрович Потёмкин" [Grigory Aleksandrovich Potemkin was born]. skunb.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2024-10-26.
  13. ^ "Ди тхыдэм щыщ" [From our history]. Адыгэ Хэку (in Kabardian). 2009-01-20. Retrieved 2024-10-27.
  14. ^ a b c Kidirniyazov, D. S.; С, Кидирниязов Д. (2017-09-15). "THE PEOPLES OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS IN THE RELATIONS OF RUSSIA AND TURKEY IN THE 1770-1790 s". History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus (in Russian). 13 (3): 24–34. doi:10.32653/CH13324-34. ISSN 2618-849X.
  15. ^ a b c d e Анатольевна, Озова Фатима (2019). "Генерал-губернатор князь Г. А. Потемкин (1776–1791): две альтернативы кавказской политики" [Governor-General G. A. Potemkin (1776–1791): Two Alternatives in Caucasian Policy]. Петербургский исторический журнал (in Russian). 4 (24): 2–3. ISSN 2311-603X.
  16. ^ "Вышел указ императрицы Екатерины II о создании Азово-Моздокской укрепленной линии | СКУНБ им. Лермонтова" [An imperial decree by Empress Catherine II was issued to establish the fortified Azov-Mozdok line]. skunb.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2024-10-27.
  17. ^ Никитенко, Г.А. (2008). 2008. Административно-территориальное устройство Ставрополья с конца XVIII века по 1920 год. Справочник [2008. The administrative and territorial structure of Stavropol from the end of the XVIII century to 1920. Guide.] (PDF) (in Russian). Ставрополь. p. 20.
  18. ^ "флаг марьянского" [Marinskaya flag]. www.vexillographia.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2024-10-27.
  19. ^ a b "Бой при Павловской" [Battle of Pavlovsk]. runivers.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2024-10-27.
  20. ^ "Город Креста - Ставропольская Старина. Бентковский И. В." [City of the Cross - Stavropol Antiquity. Bentkovsky I. V.]. gorodkresta.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2024-10-26.
  21. ^ a b c "Военные конфликты, кампании и боевые действия русских войск 860–1914 гг" [Military conflicts, campaigns, and operations of the Russian troops from 860 to 1914.]. runivers.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2024-10-26.
  22. ^ a b Beştepe, Yılmaz (2019). "1779 Yedi Ay Savaşı-Мазибл зауэ" [Seven Months' War 1779]. Cherkessia.net (in Turkish). Retrieved 2024-10-27.
  23. ^ "Бой при Марьевской" [Battle of Marinskaya]. runivers.ru. Retrieved 2024-10-26.
  24. ^ a b "Александровское, Россия - путешествия на карте" [Alexandrovskoye, Russia - travel on the map]. tropki.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2024-10-27.
  25. ^ "История" [History]. ставрополь.рф (in Russian). {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  26. ^ a b "ВОЕННЫЕ ДЕЙСТВИЯ ДОНЦОВ ПРОТИВ НАГАЙСКИХ ТАТАР в 1777-1783 годах" [MILITARY ACTIONS OF THE DON COSACKS AGAINST THE NOGAI TATARS in 1777-1783.]. www.vostlit.info (in Russian). Retrieved 2024-10-26.
  27. ^ "Азово-Моздокская оборонительная линия" [Azov-Mozdok Defensive Line]. kavtoday.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2024-10-26.
  28. ^ Шалак, М.Е. (2023). КРАЕВЕДЧЕСКИЕ ЗАПИСКИ СБОРНИК НАУЧНЫХ ТРУДОВ [Regional Studies Notes: Collection of Scientific Works] (in Russian). Сединко С.А., директор ГБУК РО «Новочеркасский музей истории донского казачества». pp. 9–10.
  29. ^ "Оборона Алексеевского редута" [Defense of the Alexeyevsky Fort]. runivers.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2024-10-27.
  30. ^ "Бой у Алексеевского редута" [Battle of Alexeyevsky]. runivers.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2024-10-27.
  31. ^ "Оборона Андреевской" [Defense of Andreyevsky]. runivers.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2024-10-26.
  32. ^ "Бой при Ставропольской" [Battle of Stavrapol]. runivers.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2024-10-27.
  33. ^ АКБАШЕВА, Б. Х. (2014). К 150-летию окончания Кавказской войны [On the 150th anniversary of the end of the Caucasian War] (PDF) (in Russian). Nalchik: НАЛЬЧИК ООО «Печатный двор». p. 155. ISBN 978-5-905770-43-2.
  34. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Записки Густава фон Штрандмана
  35. ^ "Георгиевск, Россия - путешествия на карте" [Georgievsk, Russia - Travel on the Map]. tropki.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2024-10-27.
  36. ^ "Бой при Георгиевской" [Battle of Geogiyevksy]. runivers.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2024-10-27.
  37. ^ "Бой при Екатерининской" [Battle of Yekaterinogradskaya]. runivers.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2024-10-27.
  38. ^ Алоев, Т.Х. (2017). ОЧЕРКИ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ ИСТОРИИ ХАДЖРЕТСКОЙ КАБАРДЫ В ПЕРВОЙ ПОЛОВИНЕ XIX В. [Essays on the Political History of Hajjret Kabardians in the First Half of the 19th Century] (PDF) (in Russian). Нальчик. p. 4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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