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Submission declined on 13 July 2024 by DoubleGrazing (talk).
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- Comment: A single (working) source isn't enough to establish notability, or even properly to verify the information. DoubleGrazing (talk) 11:35, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
Squigonometry or p-trigonometry is a branch of mathematics that extends traditional trigonometry to shapes other than circles, particularly to squircles, in the p-norm. Unlike trigonometry, which deals with the relationships between angles and side lengths of triangles and uses trigonometric functions, squigonometry focuses on analogous relationships within the context of a unit squircle.
Squigonometric functions are mostly used to solve certain indefinite integrals, using a method akin to trigonometric substitution.[1] This approach allows for the integration of functions that are otherwise computationally difficult to handle.
Squigonometry has been applied to find expressions for the volume of superellipsoids, such as the superegg.[2]
Etymology
editThe term squigonometry is a portmanteau of squircle and trigonometry. The first use of the term "squigonometry" is undocumented: the coining of the word possibly emerged from mathematical curiosity and the need to solve problems involving squircle geometries. As mathematicians sought to generalize trigonometric ideas beyond circular shapes, they naturally extended these concepts to squircles, leading to the creation of new functions.
Nonetheless, it is well estabilished that the idea of parametrizing other curves that lack the circle’s perfection has been around for around 300 years.[3] Over the span of three centuries, many mathematicians have thought about using functions similar to trigonometric functions to parameterize these generalized curves.
Squigonometric functions
editCosquine and squine
editDefinition through unit squircle
editThe cosquine and squine functions, denoted as and can be defined analogously to trigonometric functions on a unit circle, but instead using the coordinates of points on a unit squircle, described by the equation:
where is a real number greater than or equal to 1. Here corresponds to and corresponds to
Notably, when , the squigonometric functions coincide with the trigonometric functions.
Definition through differential equations
editSimilarly to how trigonometric functions are defined through differential equations, the cosquine and squine functions are also uniquely determined[4] by solving the coupled initial value problem[5][6]:
Where corresponds to and corresponds to .[7]
The definition of sine and cosine through integrals can be extended to define the squigonometric functions. Let and define a differentiable function by:
Since is strictly increasing it is a one-to-one function on with range , where is defined as follows:
Let be the inverse of on . This function can be extended to by defining the following relationship:
By this means is differentiable in and, corresponding to this, the function is defined by:
Tanquent, cotanquent, sequent and cosequent
editThe tanquent, cotanquent, sequent and cosequent functions can be defined as follows[8][9]:
Inverse squigonometric functions
editGeneral versions of the inverse squine and cosquine can be derived from the initial value problem above. Let ; by the inverse function rule, . Solving for gives the definition of the inverse cosquine:
Similarly, the inverse squine is defined as:
Applications
editSolving integrals
editSquigonometric substitution can be used to solve integrals, such as integrals in the generic form .
References
edit- ^ Poodiack, Robert D. (April 2016). "Squigonometry, Hyperellipses, and Supereggs". Mathematics Magazine. 89 (2): 99–100.
- ^ Poodiack, Robert D. (April 2016). "Squigonometry, Hyperellipses, and Supereggs". Mathematics Magazine. 89 (2): 100–101.
- ^ Poodiack, Robert D.; Wood, William E. (2022). Squigonometry: The Study of Imperfect Circles (1st ed.). Springer Nature Switzerland. p. 1.
- ^ Elbert, Á. (1987-09-01). "On the half-linear second order differential equations". Acta Mathematica Hungarica. 49 (3): 487–508. doi:10.1007/BF01951012. ISSN 1588-2632.
- ^ Wood, William E. (October 2011). "Squigonometry". Mathematics Magazine. 84 (4): 264.
- ^ Chebolu, Sunil; Hatfield, Andrew; Klette, Riley; Moore, Cristopher; Warden, Elizabeth (Fall 2022). "Trigonometric functions in the p-norm". BSU Undergraduate Mathematics Exchange. 16 (1): 4, 5.
- ^ Girg, Petr E.; Kotrla, Lukáš (February 2014). Differentiability properties of p-trigonometric functions. p. 104.
- ^ Poodiack, Robert D. (April 2016). "Squigonometry, Hyperellipses, and Supereggs". Mathematics Magazine. 89 (2): 96.
- ^ Edmunds, David E.; Gurka, Petr; Lang, Jan (2012). "Properties of generalized trigonometric functions". Journal of Approximation Theory. 164 (1): 49.
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