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Comment: Quick check turned up many deficient/failed/contradictory details and critical gaps in citation (see my edits for details). DMacks (talk) 12:23, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
- Comment: The §Types section contradicts the §Production section: the former says there are two different types, but the latter includes both of them as steps in a unified process. DMacks (talk) 12:12, 17 September 2024 (UTC)
- Comment: The first 3 sections are completely missing references. Also, the tone used is highly promotional. Reconrabbit 17:45, 13 September 2024 (UTC)
Whey Protein Isolate (WPI) is a refined form of whey protein, a byproduct derived from the cheese-making process. WPI is known for its high protein content, typically comprising 90% or more protein by weight, and contains minimal amounts of fat, carbohydrates, and lactose. It is commonly used as a dietary supplement to increase protein intake, particularly among athletes, bodybuilders, and individuals seeking to support muscle recovery and growth.[1]
Production
editWhey protein isolate is derived from whey, the liquid by-product of cheese production. The production involves several steps:[2]
- Filtration: The whey is filtered using microfiltration or ultrafiltration techniques to remove non-protein components, such as fat and lactose.
- Ion Exchange: This process further purifies the protein by separating it based on electrical charge differences, enhancing protein concentration.
- Spray Drying: The purified whey protein is then dried into a powder form using a spray dryer.
The resulting product typically contains 90% or more protein by weight, making it a pure protein supplement.[3]
Nutritional Content
editWhey protein isolate is a complete protein, containing all nine essential amino acids required for human nutrition. It is rich in branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), which play a crucial role in muscle protein synthesis.[4]
A standard serving of whey protein isolate is typically 30 grams, which provides 25–27 grams of protein, less than 1 gram of fat, and less than 1 gram of carbohydrates. Due to its low lactose content, it is suitable for individuals with lactose intolerance, as it generally contains less than 1% lactose.
Use for muscle Growth and weight management
editWhey protein isolate is commonly used to support muscle growth, recovery, and overall protein intake. Studies suggest it can contribute to:
Muscle Growth and Recovery
editWhey protein isolate may promote muscle growth and aid in post-exercise recovery due to its high content of BCAAs, especially leucine, which plays a key role in stimulating muscle protein synthesis.[5] Consuming whey protein isolate after resistance training or other forms of strenuous exercise can aid in repairing muscle fibers and may promote muscle hypertrophy.[6]
Weight Management
editWhey protein isolate may aid in weight management by enhancing satiety, helping individuals feel full longer, which can potentially reduce overall calorie intake.[7] Additionally, the thermic effect of protein is slightly higher compared to fats and carbohydrates, meaning more calories may be burned during digestion.[8]
Immunity and Overall Health
editWhey protein isolate retains some bioactive compounds such as lactoferrin and immunoglobulins, which have been studied for their potential to support immune function.[9] Lactoferrin, for example, possesses antimicrobial and antiviral properties and has been investigated for its potential role in supporting the immune system.[10]
Comparison to Whey Protein Concentrate
editWhey protein concentrate (WPC) is another popular form of whey protein. The key differences between WPI and WPC are outlined in the table below:[11]
| Feature | Whey Protein Isolate (WPI) | Whey Protein Concentrate (WPC) |
|---|---|---|
| Protein Content | 90% or more | 70–80% |
| Fat Content | Minimal (<1 gram per serving) | Higher |
| Carbohydrates | Minimal (<1 gram per serving) | Higher |
| Lactose Content | Less than 1% | Higher |
| Processing Method | Ion-exchange or microfiltration | Typically ultrafiltration |
| Cost | Generally higher | Generally lower |
| Bioactive Compounds | May contain fewer bioactive compounds (ion-exchange) | Retains more bioactive compounds |
See Also
editReferences
edit- ^ Wolfe, Robert R. (2017-08-22). "Branched-chain amino acids and muscle protein synthesis in humans: myth or reality?". Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 14: 30. PMID 28852372.
- ^ Buchanan, Dominic; Martindale, Wayne; Romeih, Ehab; Hebishy, Essam (2023-01-10). "Recent advances in whey processing and valorisation: Technological and environmental perspectives". International Journal of Dairy Technology. 76 (2): 291–312. doi:10.1111/1471-0307.12935. ISSN 1364-727X.
- ^ Khan, Abbas; Wang, Cuina; Sun, Xiaomeng; Killpartrick, Adam; Guo, Mingruo (2019-08-12). "Preparation and Characterization of Whey Protein Isolate–DIM Nanoparticles". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 20 (16): 3917. PMID 31408980.
- ^ Wolfe, Robert R. (2017-08-22). "Branched-chain amino acids and muscle protein synthesis in humans: myth or reality?". Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 14: 30. PMID 28852372.
- ^ Duarte, Nuno M.; Cruz, Agostinho L.; Silva, Diogo C.; Cruz, Graça M. (January 2020). "Intake of whey isolate supplement and muscle mass gains in young healthy adults when combined with resistance training: a blinded randomized clinical trial (pilot study)". The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 60 (1): 75–84. doi:10.23736/S0022-4707.19.09741-X. ISSN 1827-1928. PMID 31565912.
- ^ dos Santos, Elisa M.; Moreira, Annie S. B.; Huguenin, Grazielle V. B.; Tibiriça, Eduardo; De Lorenzo, Andrea (January 2023). "Effects of Whey Protein Isolate on Body Composition, Muscle Mass, and Strength of Chronic Heart Failure Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial". Nutrients. 15 (10): 2320. PMID 36940585.
- ^ Leidy, Heather J.; Clifton, Peter M.; Astrup, Arne; Wycherley, Thomas P.; Westerterp-Plantenga, Margriet S.; Luscombe-Marsh, Natalie D.; Woods, Stephen C.; Mattes, Richard D. (June 2015). "The role of protein in weight loss and maintenance". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 101 (6): 1320S–1329S. doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.084038. ISSN 1938-3207. PMID 25926512.
- ^ Westerterp-Plantenga, Margriet S. (2008-08-07). "Protein intake and energy balance". Regulatory Peptides. Neuroendocrinology regulation of food intake. 149 (1): 67–69. doi:10.1016/j.regpep.2007.08.026. ISSN 0167-0115.
- ^ Kent, K. D.; Harper, W. J.; Bomser, J. A. (February 2003). "Effect of whey protein isolate on intracellular glutathione and oxidant-induced cell death in human prostate epithelial cells". Toxicology in Vitro: An International Journal Published in Association with BIBRA. 17 (1): 27–33. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2002.11.011. ISSN 0887-2333. PMID 12537959.
- ^ McLellan, Tom M.; Skinner, Trent L.; Paterson, Ryan (2017). "Dietary protein intake and body composition in aging populations: a systematic review". Journal of Nutrition in Gerontology and Geriatrics. 36 (2–3): 59–71. doi:10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01602. PMID 28682638.
- ^ Castro, Luis Henrique A.; de Araújo, Flávio Henrique S.; Olimpio, Mi Ye M.; Primo, Raquel B. de B.; Pereira, Thiago T.; Lopes, Luiz Augusto F.; Trindade, Erasmo B. S. de M.; Fernandes, Ricardo; Oesterreich, Silvia A. (2019). "Comparative Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Concentrated, Hydrolyzed, and Isolated Whey Protein Supplementation on Body Composition of Physical Activity Practitioners". Nutrients. 11 (9): 2047. doi:10.3390/nu11092047. PMC 6769754. PMID 31480653.