Drimentine G (DMT G) belongs to the family of drimentines, which are terpenylated diketopiperazines. As the name suggests, DMT G contains two different parts, one comes from the non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) pathway to generate the diketopiperazine ring structure.[1] The other part comes from either the mevalonic acid pathway (MVA) or deoxy xylulose phosphate pathway (MEP) to produce sesquiterpenes needed for interaction with the diketopiperazine. This molecule is said to be useful as an antibiotic to treat bacterial or fungi infections, has therapeutic application to treat animal health, and can serve as a pest control for plants.[2]
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| IUPAC name
(1S,4S,7S,9S)-9-[[(1S,4aS,8aS)-5,5,8a-trimethyl-2-methylidene-3,4,4a,6,7,8-hexahydro-1H-naphthalen-1-yl]methyl]-4-propan-2-yl-2,5,16-triazatetracyclo[7.7.0.02,7.010,15]hexadeca-10,12,14-triene-3,6-dione
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3D model (JSmol)
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PubChem CID
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| Properties | |
| C31H43N3O2 | |
| Molar mass | 489.704 g·mol−1 |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Natural occurrence
editDrimentines can be isolated from soil-born microorganisms, known as Actinomycetes. This type of microorganism comes from under Acacia trees found in Australia.[2]
Biosynthesis
editThe biosynthetic pathway for DMT G can be broken down into two different parts, with first part leads to formation of two starting materials and the second part in which those two materials can join together and undergo a series of cyclization reactions. In the first part, one of the starting materials is diketopiperazine of specific two amino acids, known as tryptophan and valine. They will first be attached to tRNA using specific tRNA synthase, and then can interact with each other forming diketopiperazine with the help of dmtB1, which is one of the cyclodipeptide synthases (CDPSs) responsible for the formation of two successive peptide bonds.[3] The other starting material is farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), which is produced from reaction between two isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and its isomer dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) with the help of FPP synthase. These IPP and DMAPP starter units come from either MVA or MEP pathway. After the starting materials have been produced, they can be joined together and kick out pyrophosphate as a leaving group with the help of a phytoene-synthase-like family prenyltransferase DmtC1. Then, a series of cyclization reaction occurs, with the diketopiperazine forming ring with tryptophan using DmtC1 as enzyme and the ring forming of FPP with the help of a membrane terpene cyclase DmtA1.[3] Thus, the final product of DMT G has been produced.
Other drimentines
editThere are many other drimentines outside of DMT G, some of which have synthetic pathways already discovered. In the image, four other drimentines are presented known as drimentine A (DMT A), drimentine C (DMT C), drimentine F (DMT F), and drimentine B (DMT B).
Drimentine A has similar structure to that of DMT G with only different part in the diketopiperazine ring forming between leucine and tryptophan. It also has similar synthetic pathway with difference only in the condition of the reactions.[4]
Drimentine F is similar to DMT G with difference in a methylated amine in the diketopiperazine ring. The incorporation and roles of different enzymes involved in the methylation process has been studied extensively.[1] Drimentine C and B have similar structure with an additional double bond in DMT B in comparison to DMT C. Three approaches have been studied and researched more extensively for the production of DMT C utilizing metal palladium [5]
References
edit- ^ a b Yao T, Liu J, Jin E, Liu Z, Li H, Che Q, Zhu T, Li D, Li W (July 2020). "Expanding the Structural Diversity of Drimentines by Exploring the Promiscuity of Two N-methyltransferases". iScience. 23 (7): 101323. Bibcode:2020iSci...23j1323Y. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2020.101323. PMC 7358741. PMID 32659721.
- ^ a b "WO1998009968A1 - Terpenylated diketopiperazines, (drimentines) - Google Patents".
- ^ a b Yao T, Liu J, Liu Z, Li T, Li H, Che Q, Zhu T, Li D, Gu Q, Li W (October 2018). "Genome mining of cyclodipeptide synthases unravels unusual tRNA-dependent diketopiperazine-terpene biosynthetic machinery". Nat Commun. 9 (1): 4091. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.4091Y. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06411-x. PMC 6173783. PMID 30291234.
- ^ Skiredj, A.; Beniddir, MA; Evanno, L.; Poupon, E. (December 2016). "Harnessing the main event of drimentines biosynthesis: Bio-inspired synthesis and biological evaluation of Δ8'-isodrimentine a and related compounds". Planta Medica. 82: S1–S381. doi:10.1055/s-0036-1596745. S2CID 31810727.
- ^ Pound SM, Underwood SJ, Douglas CJ (May 2020). "Studies towards the total synthesis of drimentine C. Preparation of the AB and CDEF ring fragments". Eur J Org Chem. 2020 (16): 2448–2453. doi:10.1002/ejoc.202000158. PMC 7567177. PMID 33071626.