Wikipedia

Dual-member mixed proportional

The dual-member mixed proportional (DMP)[1][2][3] voting method is a mixed electoral system using a localized list rule to elect two representatives in each district.[4] It is similar to other forms of mixed-member proportional representation but differs in that all representatives are elected locally in small districts, rather than requiring separate list seats to be filled in large regional or nationwide districts. In the first step, one seat in each district is awarded to the candidate with the most votes, as with first-past-the-post voting rules. In the second step, underrepresented parties are assigned secondary seats in the districts in which they won the most votes, which creates an overall proportional result.

DMP uses one vote, cast for a pair of candidates (or a single candidate), making it a seat linkage MMP system using a mixed single vote. In contrast to other versions of MMP, all seats are assigned in the two-member districts.

DMP was invented in 2013 by a University of Alberta mathematics student named Sean Graham.[5] The system was intended as a possible replacement for single-member plurality (SMP) in Canadian national and provincial elections. After campaigns to adopt mixed-member proportional representation (MMP) or the single transferable vote (STV) had been defeated in a number of Canadian provinces (see 2005 British Columbia referendum, 2005 Prince Edward Island referendum, 2007 Ontario referendum, 2009 British Columbia referendum), the intent behind DMP was to gain broader acceptance by retaining the key features of SMP. These features include a one-vote ballot, small districts (unlike with STV), and a single tier consisting only of local representatives (in contrast to MMP).[6]

Voting

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Possible layout of a ballot under DMP

Voting under DMP is similar to the standard first-past-the-post voting. Each voter is given a ballot and marks a single preferred candidate or a pair of candidates (closed list).[7]: 9  This is called a mixed single vote because when voters cast a vote for their preferred (primary) candidate, they also express support for the list of that party. Independents can run as they do normally, with an independent winning if they have the most votes in a given district.[7]: 32 

Step 1: Allocate seats to parties

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Each party is allocated a certain number of seats in proportion to their share of the popular vote in the region.

The definitive report on DMP recommends that the seat allocation be calculated using the largest remainder method with a Hare quota and a total number of seats equal to twice the number of districts.[7]: 23  Only votes cast for party-affiliated candidates are included in this calculation. The number of seats allocated must be adjusted if independents are elected (as this takes seats away from the parties), or if a party wins more than its proportional share of the seats based on plurality (see Step 2).

Step 2: Award seats based on plurality, and transfer votes

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At least half the seats in the region are awarded based on a form of plurality. Most notably, the first seat in every district is awarded to the primary candidate with the greatest number of votes.

If the winning primary candidate is from a party that has also listed a secondary candidate on the ballot, then the votes are transferred at half weight to the secondary candidate. For example, if a party has won a district with 48% of the votes, their primary candidate is elected and the secondary candidate is treated as having a 24% vote share. After the vote transfer, if the remaining candidate with the highest vote share in any district is an independent, he or she is elected. All other independent candidates are eliminated.

Step 3: Award remaining allocated seats

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At this point, most (if not all) districts in the region will have one unassigned seat. Each of these unfilled seats must be awarded to one of the remaining party-affiliated candidates. Each party's remaining candidates in the region are sorted from most popular to least popular according to the percentage of votes they received in their districts. Seats are then tentatively assigned to the most popular candidates in each party. The number of seats assigned in this manner is the number of seats initially allocated to each party in Step 1, minus the seats each party received in Step 2.

After the allocated seats are tentatively assigned, it may be necessary to resolve conflicts. A conflict is a situation where more than one candidate has been assigned a district's second seat. In such cases, the candidate with the highest percentage of votes retains his or her assigned seat, while the other candidates are eliminated. If a candidate is eliminated in this fashion, the seat that was tentatively assigned to him or her is re-assigned to the party's most popular candidate still awaiting a seat. The re-assignment may produce another conflict, which must itself be resolved. The process continues until no conflicts remain. At that point, any candidate with an assigned seat is elected. The order in which conflicts are resolved has no bearing on which candidates ultimately obtain seats.

It is possible for a party to run out of qualified candidates, in which case they may forfeit one or more of their allocated seats. This situation can occur only if the party nominates fewer than two candidates in at least one district, or if one or more of their candidates fails to meet the district threshold. All forfeited seats are re-allocated on a proportional basis by applying the calculation in Step 1 to the parties still eligible for seats. These re-allocated seats are then awarded by performing Step 3 an extra time.

Thresholds

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The DMP algorithm can be slightly modified to include either a standard (nationwide) electoral threshold or a local threshold, where a party must win a certain number of votes to win.[7]: 33  Either one of these modifications breaks the proportionality mechanism of DMP, creates a discontinuity in the results, and wastes votes, as any threshold does (regardless of the proportional representation rule).


History

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Proposals to consider DMP were submitted to the Government of Canada,[2][8] Alberta,[9] Prince Edward Island (PEI),[10] and British Columbia (BC).[11] In April 2016, the PEI Special Committee on Democratic Renewal officially recommended that DMP appear as one of five options on the 2016 PEI plebiscite, with the winning voting system determined by instant-runoff voting.[3][12][13][14] The plebiscite took place from October 29 to November 7, 2016.[15][16][17] DMP was eliminated in the third round, and after its votes were redistributed, MMP was declared the winner (ahead of FPTP).[18][19] The referendum was non-binding and the government of the time ignored the result. In May 2018, DMP was one of three proportional systems selected to appear on the 2018 BC referendum.[20][21][22] The referendum involved a two-question mail-in ballot to be returned by the extended deadline of December 7, 2018.[23] On the first question, a 61% majority of voters chose to retain the current FPTP voting system instead of switching to proportional representation. On the second question, which would have decided the specific proportional system, MMP enjoyed the most support, with DMP collecting slightly more first-choice preferences than rural–urban proportional representation.[24]

Comparison with mixed-member proportional representation

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Dual-member mixed proportional is a variant of mixed-member proportional representation.[7] One set of seats is awarded based on plurality, while the remaining seats are allocated to underrepresented parties in a compensatory manner. From a mathematical standpoint, the compensatory seats in any MMP are analogous to the second district seats in DMP. Both DMP and conventional MMP can be considered mixed electoral systems, meaning that two types of calculation methods are combined. Both are seat linkage based compensatory systems as opposed to less common vote linkage systems.

Of the various forms of MMP, DMP has most in common with the "best near-winner" system (second mandate, Zweitmandat) used in the German state of Baden-Württemberg.[25] Whereas most implementations of MMP provide electors with two votes, both DMP and the Baden-Württemberg system employ a one-vote ballot. The number of votes candidates receive determines their eligibility for both the first set of seats (based on plurality) and the second set of seats (based in part on the popular vote).

Although MMP and DMP are both mixed systems, the main difference is that the original MMP features two tiers of representatives whereas DMP has only a single tier.[7]: 3  Under conventional MMP, the first set of elected candidates serve a district whereas the other representatives serve the entire region. Under DMP, every elected candidate serves the district that they contested. Thus while the DMP calculation is comparable to that of MMP, the resulting form of governance is similar to that of the single transferable vote and other systems based on multi-seat districts.

Advantages of DMP

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  • DMP will tend to produce a more geographically balanced representation of the electorate. Compared with MMP, DMP reduces the likelihood that a disproportionate number of elected representatives will share an association with a particular district.
  • DMP allows any seat to be obtained by an independent candidate. Although party-affiliated candidates benefit from the possibility of being elected despite a third- or fourth-place finish, independents have a compensating advantage in that they alone secure a seat by placing second. Under MMP, independents are strictly disadvantaged in that they are ineligible for the compensatory seats.
  • DMP prevents a major party from essentially guaranteeing the election of particular candidates by placing them near the top of a party list. It is worth noting that this issue is also addressed by open-list MMP, a variant used in Bavaria where electors vote for individual list candidates.
  • DMP avoids certain forms of tactical voting associated with MMP. Under MMP, an elector may give the first vote to his or her second- or third-favourite candidate if the favourite candidate has little chance of winning the district seat. Also, an elector may give the second vote to a second- or third-favourite party if his or her favourite party is expected to win so many districts seats that they become ineligible for compensatory seats. It is worth noting that the Zweitmandat variant of MMP used in Baden-Württemberg also addresses these tactics.[26]

Disadvantages of DMP

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  • MMP can accommodate somewhat smaller districts than DMP, since without the restriction of all districts being represented by two representatives, it is possible to award fewer than half the seats in a compensatory manner.
  • Some forms of MMP can give voters more options. For instance, in a two-vote open-list system such as the one used in Bavaria, voters choose both a local and a regional candidate; for the regional candidate, they have many options within each party. In DMP, by contrast, voters have only one option per party.
  • Lessons can be learned from current and former usage of MMP, so there is prior experience to guide.
  • Both open-list MMP and best near-winner MMP award compensatory seats strictly to the most popular remaining candidates of each party. Under DMP, one or more of a party's most popular candidates might be denied seats if they place third or lower at the district level. If this occurs for all of a small party's candidates who placed above the district threshold, that party will forfeit one or more seats.
  • In a province large enough to have regions within the province, every voter for a party winning enough votes to elect a regional MP will have, rather than only two MPs, an MP from their party elected by voters in that region, accountable to that region. And in smaller provinces, every voter for a party winning enough votes will have an MP from their party elected by voters in that province, accountable to that province.

Comparison with other methods

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One main feature of DMP is that it is designed to have districts of equal size and at the same time achieve proportional representation not within districts but over all seats. This makes it related to the concept of biproportional apportionment, which uses a unified algorithm for determining how many seats represent each region and to achieve party proportionality on the whole based on the votes cast.[27] However, DMP is a mixed system and does not apportion seats between districts based on votes (under biproportional apportionment, each region's share of seats is proportional to its total votes).[7]

Dual-member mixed proportional is not to be confused with the "proportional" system using dual-member districts known as the binomial system, which divides seats "proportionally" in two-member districts.[28] Another difference is that the binomial system uses open lists, while under DMP, a voter can vote for pairs of candidates (with a pre-nominated primary and secondary) on their ballot, functioning as a closed list locally but as a variant of the best loser system for compensation.[25]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Graham, Sean (April 4, 2016). Dual-Member Mixed Proportional: A New Electoral System for Canada (Report). University of Alberta. doi:10.7939/r3-qppp-b676.
  2. ^ a b Thomson, Stuart (September 30, 2016). "Electoral system born in Alberta on the ballot in PEI". Edmonton Journal.
  3. ^ a b Wright, Teresa (April 15, 2016). "Electoral reform plebiscite question will be a multi-option ballot". The Guardian.
  4. ^ PEI Special Committee on Democratic Renewal (November 27, 2015). "Recommendations in Response to the White Paper on Democratic Renewal" (PDF). Prince Edward Island Legislative Assembly.
  5. ^ Canadian House of Commons Special Committee on Electoral Reform (September 29, 2016). "Meeting No. 33 Evidence".
  6. ^ The Guardian (October 29, 2016). "EDITORIAL: We endorse DMP option in plebiscite". The Guardian.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Graham, Sean (April 4, 2016). Dual-Member Mixed Proportional: A New Electoral System for Canada (Report). University of Alberta. doi:10.7939/r3-qppp-b676.
  8. ^ Graham, Sean (September 18, 2016). "Dual Member Proportional: An Electoral System for Canada" (PDF).
  9. ^ Graham, Sean. "Reforming the Electoral System in Alberta: The Case for Dual-Member Mixed Proportional" (PDF).
  10. ^ Graham, Sean. "Reforming the Electoral Formula in PEI: The Case for Dual-Member Mixed Proportional" (PDF).
  11. ^ Graham, Sean. "How Dual Member Proportional Could Work in British Columbia" (PDF).
  12. ^ PEI Special Committee on Democratic Renewal (April 15, 2016). Recommendations in Response to the White Paper on Democratic Renewal - A Plebiscite Question (Report). Prince Edward Island Legislative Assembly.
  13. ^ Campbell, Kerry (April 15, 2016). "PEI electoral reform committee proposes ranked ballot". CBC News.
  14. ^ Lithwick, Dara; Virgint, Erin (June 1, 2016). "Something in the Soil: Electoral Reform in Prince Edward Island". Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on March 5, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2016.
  15. ^ Yarr, Kevin (July 7, 2016). "Dates set for PEI electoral reform vote". CBC News.
  16. ^ "PEI sets voting-reform plebiscite for fall". CTV News. The Canadian Press. July 7, 2016.
  17. ^ Campbell, Kerry (October 22, 2016). "Voting options: The 5 choices in the electoral reform plebiscite". CBC News.
  18. ^ "Plebiscite Results". Elections Prince Edward Island. November 7, 2016. Archived from the original on November 8, 2016. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
  19. ^ Bradley, Susan (November 7, 2016). "PEI plebiscite favours mixed member proportional representation". CBC News.
  20. ^ Eby, David (May 30, 2018). "How We Vote: 2018 Electoral Reform Referendum Report and Recommendations of the Attorney General" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 31, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
  21. ^ McElroy, Justin (June 2, 2018). "Know your voting systems: three types of electoral reform on B.C.'s ballot". CBC News.
  22. ^ Zussman, Richard (June 7, 2018). "B.C. cabinet confirms format of electoral reform referendum". Global News.
  23. ^ Saltman, Jennifer (November 23, 2018). "Deadline to return referendum ballots to Elections B.C. extended until Dec. 7". Vancouver Sun.
  24. ^ "2018 Referendum on Electoral Reform: Voting Results Available". Elections BC. December 20, 2018. Retrieved November 1, 2020.
  25. ^ a b Hodgson, Antony (January 21, 2016). "Why a referendum on electoral reform would be undemocratic". The Tyee.
  26. ^ Trefs, Matthias (2003). "Voter confusion in German federal elections: the Baden-Württemberg electoral system as a possible alternative". German Politics. 12 (3): 82–106. doi:10.1080/0964400032000242707. S2CID 154839987.
  27. ^ Gaffke, Norbert; Pukelsheim, Friedrich (September 1, 2008). "Divisor methods for proportional representation systems: An optimization approach to vector and matrix apportionment problems". Mathematical Social Sciences. 56 (2): 166–184. doi:10.1016/j.mathsocsci.2008.01.004. ISSN 0165-4896.
  28. ^ "Electoral reform in Chile: Tie breaker". The Economist. February 14, 2015. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
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