Dura is an extinct language of Nepal. It has been classified in the West Bodish branch of Tibetan languages, though more recent work separates it out as an independent branch of Sino-Tibetan.[3] Many of the Dura have switched to speaking Nepali, and the Dura language has sometimes been thought to be extinct. Some of the people who have switched to Nepali for their daily speech still use Dura for prayer.[4]
| Dura | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Nepal |
| Ethnicity | 2,160 (2011 census)[1] |
| Extinct | between 2008[2] and 2012[1] with the death of Soma Devi Dura |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | drq |
drq.html | |
| Glottolog | dura1244 |
The Himalayan Languages Project is working on recording additional knowledge of Dura.[5] Around 1,500 words and 250 sentences in Dura have been recorded. The last known speaker of the language was the 82-year-old Soma Devi Dura.[2]
Classification
editSchorer (2016:293)[6] classifies Dura as part of his newly proposed Greater Magaric branch.
Distribution
editThe ethnic Dura people mostly live in Lamjung District, with some in neighboring Tanahu District of Gandaki Province in central Nepal.[7] They mostly live on farms in the hilly countryside.[7] Different recent census counts have reported the number of Dura people anywhere from 3,397 to 5,676.[7]
Dura villages include:[6]
- बाँग्रे Bāṅgre
- बेसी बाँग्रे Besī Bāṅgre
- बेसी फाँट Besī Phā̃ṫ
- सिन्दुरे Sindure
- धुसेनी Dhusenī
- नस्के Naske (Dura majority)
- नेटा Neṭā
- चन्दि गाउँ Candigāũ
- भाँगु Bhāṅgu
- मालिङ Māliṅ
- आरीकोसे Ārīkose
- ठूलो स्वाँरा Ṭhūlo Svā̃rā (Dura majority)
- खजे गाउँ Khaje Gāũ
- तुर्लुङ Turluṅ (Dura majority)
- तान्द्राङ्कोट Tāndrāṅkoṫ
- Kunchha
- Bhorletar
Other ethnic groups in the Dura region include the Gurung, Brahmins, Chetrīs, Kāmī, and Damāi.[6]
Tandrange
editA closely related language variety called Tandrange (Nepali: Tāndrāṅe; IPA: tandraŋe) is spoken in a few Gurung villages.[6] Tandrange is spoken in the villages of Tāndrāṅ तान्द्राङ, Pokharī Thok पोखरी थोक, and Jītā जीता. However, Tandrange speakers adamantly consider themselves as not related to the stigmatized Dura people.[6]
Vocabulary
editSchorer (2016:126-127) provides the following 125-word Swadesh list of Dura.
| No. | Gloss | Dura |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | I (1SG) | ŋi ~ ŋe |
| 2. | you (2SG) | no |
| 3. | we (inclusive) | ŋyāro |
| 4. | this | ī |
| 5. | that | huī |
| 6. | Who? | su |
| 7. | What? | hāde |
| 8. | not | ma-, ta- (prohibitive) |
| 9. | all (of a number) | dhāī |
| 10. | many | bhāī |
| 11. | one | kyau, nām, di- |
| 12. | two | jʰim, ŋe- |
| 13. | big | kātʰe |
| 14. | long | kānu, remo ~ hreŋo |
| 15. | small | ācʰirī |
| 16. | woman (adult) | misā |
| 17. | man (adult) | kalārā, bro |
| 18. | person | bro |
| 19. | fish (n) | ɖisyā, nāh ~ nāhõ ~ nāhũ ~ nāi |
| 20. | bird; chicken | o |
| 21. | dog | nākyu ~ nakyu ~ nakī, koka |
| 22. | louse | syā |
| 23. | tree | kepo ~ kemo |
| 24. | seed (n) | ʈisro, hulu |
| 25. | leaf | lyoī, lho |
| 26. | root | - |
| 27. | bark (of tree) | - |
| 28. | skin | ke |
| 29. | flesh | syo |
| 30. | blood | hāyu |
| 31. | bone | - |
| 32. | grease, fat | duccʰu |
| 33. | egg | odī, onī |
| 34. | horn (of bull etc.) | soglo, sono |
| 35. | tail | - |
| 36. | feather | phya |
| 37. | hair (human) | kra |
| 38. | head | padʰe |
| 39. | ear | naya, muni, rānu |
| 40. | eye | mi |
| 41. | nose | nu |
| 42. | mouth | māsi, sũ |
| 43. | tooth | sa ~ se |
| 44. | tongue | li |
| 45. | nail | se |
| 46. | foot | sepe |
| 47. | knee | - |
| 48. | hand | kuru |
| 49. | belly | kyu |
| 50. | neck | kʰalī, po ~ põ |
| 51. | breasts | nāmlo |
| 52. | heart | māu |
| 53. | liver | ciŋ |
| 54. | to drink | kiu- |
| 55. | to eat | co- |
| 56. | to bite | - |
| 57. | to see | do- ~ dõ-, mātā- |
| 58. | to hear | tās-, tāu-, tānu- |
| 59. | to know | syo- |
| 60. | to sleep | tānu- |
| 61. | to die | si- |
| 62. | to kill | sā-, kāne-, kāde |
| 63. | to swim | - |
| 64. | to fly | ŋyau, hāsu- |
| 65. | to walk | so- |
| 66. | to come | hro |
| 67. | to lie | - |
| 68. | to sit | huni- |
| 69. | to stand | decʰe- |
| 70. | to give | hyo- |
| 71. | to say | cʰi- |
| 72. | sun | mamī |
| 73. | moon | tālā |
| 74. | star | -so (in compound) |
| 75. | water | ti ~ ʈi |
| 76. | rain (n) | ti ~ ʈi |
| 77. | stone | thũ ~ tũ, kāno ~ kānu |
| 78. | sand | - |
| 79. | earth, soil | kācʰo, cʰuu |
| 80. | cloud | - |
| 81. | smoke (n) | ma-kʰu |
| 82. | fire | mi |
| 83. | ash(es) | ma-pʰu |
| 84. | to burn (vi) | bani- |
| 85. | path | lāutʰyo |
| 86. | mountain | lgẽwarapʰa [sic] |
| 87. | red | cʰāblī |
| 88. | green | - |
| 89. | yellow | kẽlo |
| 90. | white | bintʰā |
| 91. | black | keplo |
| 92. | night | yāku |
| 93. | hot | - |
| 94. | cold | cʰiũ |
| 95. | full | ʈʰyāmmay |
| 96. | new | kācʰā |
| 97. | good | cʰyāu- (v), cʰāblī (also ‘red’) |
| 98. | round | burluŋ |
| 99. | dry | - |
| 100. | name | rāmī |
| 101. | he (3SG) | hui |
| 102. | he₂ (3SG) | ŋo ~ no |
| 103. | you (2PL) | nāro(-nī) |
| 104. | they (3PL) | hyāro |
| 105. | three | sām |
| 106. | four | pim |
| 107. | five | kum (<‘hand’) |
| 108. | where? | kālā |
| 109. | when? | komo |
| 110. | how? | kudinī |
| 111. | other | agyu, rijā |
| 112. | few | ācitī |
| 113. | fruit | pokimuni |
| 114. | flower | ŋepʰu ~ nepʰu |
| 115. | grass | cʰĩ |
| 116. | snake | kāuī |
| 117. | worm | kʰātalī |
| 118. | rope | rasarī |
| 119. | river | kloi ~ klou |
| 120. | to warm (vt) | tāle-u |
| 121. | old | ʈe |
| 122. | straight (not curved) | hopay |
| 123. | sharp | mhyā- (v) |
| 124. | wet | tʰo- (v) |
| 125. | happy | kru- (v) |
Numerals
editDura numerals are (Schorer 2016:146-147):
- 0. liŋa
- 1. nām, kyau, di-
- 2. jʰim
- 3. sām
- 4. pim
- 5. kum
- 6. cyām (Indo-Aryan loanword)
- 7. syām (Indo-Aryan loanword)
- 8. him
- 9. tum
- 10. tʰim
- 20. jʰim-tʰī
- 30. sām-tʰī
- 100. tʰiŋganā, kātʰerāgo
- 1,000. jena
Reconstruction of Proto-Dura
editSchorer (2016:286-287) reconstructs the following Proto-Dura words.
- *hāyu ‘blood’
- *cʰiũŋ ‘cold’
- *kim ‘house’
- *ti ‘water’
- *krut ‘hand’
- *kyu ‘stomach’
- *yāku ‘night’
- *mamī ‘sun’
- *lām- ‘path’
- *luŋ ‘stone’
- *daŋ- ‘to see’
- *rā- ‘to come’
- *khāC- ‘to go’
- *yʱā ‘to give’
- *cʰi- ‘to say’
See also
edit- Dura word list (Wiktionary)
- Schorer, Nicolas. 2016. The Dura Language: Grammar and Phylogeny. Leiden: Brill. https://brill.com/view/title/33670
- Pons, Marie-Caroline. 2021. Review: The Dura language: Grammar and phylogeny. Himalayan Linguistics, 20(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/H920155279
References
edit- ^ a b Dura at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b "The last of Nepal's Dura speakers". BBC News. January 15, 2008.
- ^ Kraayenbrink et al., "Language and Genes of the Greater Himalayan Region", preprint, http://www.le.ac.uk/genetics/maj4/Himalayan_OMLLreport.pdf Archived 2022-10-12 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved September 12, 2007
- ^ Van Driem, George. Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region, Brill Academic Publishers 2002 (ISBN 978-9004103900)
- ^ Programme Description | Himalayan Languages Project Archived 2007-07-29 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d e Schorer, Nicolas. 2016. The Dura Language: Grammar and Phylogeny. Leiden: Brill.
- ^ a b c Nepal Federation of Indigenous Nationalities (NEFIN) - Dura Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
External links
edit- The last of Nepal's Dura speakers BBC news story