The Dutch Harbor Naval Operating Base and Fort Mears were the two military installations built next to each other in Dutch Harbor, on Amaknak Island of the Aleutian Islands in Alaska, by the United States in response to the growing war threat with Imperial Japan during World War II. In 1938, the Navy Board recommended the construction which began in July 1940.[3] The first United States Army troops arrived in June 1941 and an air base constructed by the United States Navy was finished in September 1941. At the time of the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, these were the only military installations in the Aleutian Islands.
Dutch Harbor Naval Operating Base and Fort Mears, U.S. Army | |
 Japanese attack on Dutch Harbor, June 3, 1942. Group of Marines on the alert between attacks | |
  | |
| Location | Dutch Harbor, Unalaska, Alaska |
|---|---|
| Coordinates | 53°53′17″N 166°32′31″W / 53.88806°N 166.54194°W |
| Area | 1,000 acres (400 ha) |
| Built | 1940 |
| NRHP reference No. | 85002733[1] |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | February 4, 1985 |
| Designated NHLD | February 4, 1985[2] |
On June 3–4, 1942, the two bases were bombed by Japanese planes operating from two aircraft carriers in a two-day event known as the Battle of Dutch Harbor, marking the first enemy aircraft strike on the American continent in history.
Description
editDutch Harbor occupies the central portion of Amaknak Island, a small island in Unalaska Bay which is separated from the larger Unalaska Island by Iliuliuk Bay. The two islands are joined by a bridge connecting the city of Unalaska to the southern portion of Amaknak Island. During World War II the entirety of Amaknak Island was used by the United States Navy as an operating base, and by the United States Army, which manned coastal defenses on the high ground at the northern and southern parts of the island.
The central portion of the island was occupied by the facilities of the naval base, which included a runway and other aircraft support facilities, munitions storage facilities, barracks, a hospital, and a bomb-proof power plant. South of the naval base was Fort Mears, (named in tribute to Frederick Mears) which primarily consisted of barracks for the troops manning the coastal defenses. The coastal defenses included batteries placed to the north on Ulakta Head and Mount Ballyhoo, and to the south on what the army called Hill 400, but is now known as Bunker Hill for its surviving structures.[4]
Other Army coastal defense facilities at and near Dutch Harbor included Fort Schwatka, Fort Learnard, and Fort Brumback.[5]
Battle of Dutch Harbor
editOn June 3, 1942, the Japanese Navy attacked Dutch Harbor in the first aerial attack on the continental United States during the American/Pacific theaters of World War II. Originally planned to start at the same time as the Battle of Midway, it occurred a day earlier due to one-day delay in the sailing of Nagumo's task force.[6] Forty-three Americans and at least ten Japanese died during the attacks, which lasted for two days. The base remained an important part of coastal defenses for the remainder of World War II.[2]
Postwar
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Shortly after the end of World War II, the U.S. military abandoned its Dutch Harbor outposts. For decades, the buildings remained standing, generally abandoned. With the growth of the king crab fishery in the 1970s, many of these buildings were used as warehouses, bunkhouses, and family homes.
In the late 1980s, the U.S. government finally funded a cleanup of the derelict fort, and the area was turned over for commercial use.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. April 15, 2008.
- ^ a b "Dutch Harbor Naval Operating Base and Fort Mears, U.S. Army". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2009-01-13. Retrieved 2008-07-03.
- ^ NPS Aviation History Archived 2008-06-11 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "NHL nomination for Dutch Harbor Naval Operating Base and Fort Mears, U.S. Army". National Park Service. Retrieved 2014-11-01.
- ^ Harbor Defense of Dutch Harbor at Fortwiki.com
- ^ Parshall and Tully, Shattered Sword, pp. 43–45, derived from Senshi Sōshō, pp. 119–121.
External links
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- Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) No. AK-34, "Naval Operating Base Dutch Harbor & Fort Mears, Unalaska, Aleutian Islands, AK", 5 photos, 1 color transparency, 7 measured drawings, 47 data pages, 2 photo caption pages
- Gallery of Dutch Harbor base