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List of monarchs of Kashmir

(Redirected from Dynasties of Ancient Kashmir)

This is a list of the monarchs of Kashmir from the establishment of the Gonanda dynasty[3] around 1400 BCE until the cession of parts of Kashmir State by the Dogra dynasty to Indian Union in 1947 and then officially merging into the Republic of India in 1952.[4]

Maharaja/Sultan of Kashmir
Emblem of the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir
Last to reign
Hari Singh
23 September 1925 – 17 November 1952
Details
StyleMaharaja
Sultan
Raja
First monarchMaharaja Gonanda I (c. 1400 BCE)[1]
Last monarchHari Singh (1925–1952 CE)
Formationc. 1400 BCE[1]
Abolition17 November 1952[2]
ResidenceAmar Mahal Palace
Mubarak Mandi Palace
Hari Niwas Palace
Akhnoor Fort
Pari Mahal
Hari Parbat Fort
Red Fort
Gulab Bhavan
Sher Garhi Palace
Baghsar Fort
AppointerHereditary
Pretender(s)Karan Singh

Gonanda dynasty

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Further information: Gonanda dynasty and Rajatarangini

Gonanda dynasty (I)

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The total reign of the following kings is mentioned as 1266 years.[1]

Ruler[1] Notes
Gonanda I Contemporary of Yudhishthira, a relative of Magadha's ruler Jarasandha (Jarasindhu) (I.59). He was killed by Balarama, the elder brother of Krishna.
Damodara I Killed in a battle by Krishna.
Yashovati [sv] Wife of Damodara. She was pregnant at the time of her husband's death, and Krishna helped her ascend the throne.
Gonanda II Son of Yashovati and Damodara. Ruled as a minor over Kashmir, during the Kurukshetra War. Killed by Parikshit.[5]
35 kings
(names lost)		 A manuscript titled Ratnakar Purana supposedly contained these names, and was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. The purported original manuscript as well as its translation are now lost. A Muslim historian named Hassan is said to have obtained a copy of the translation, and the later Muslim historians provided a fabricated list of 35 names ending in -Khan.[6]Some sources claim that after Gonanda II was killed, Parikshit handed over Kashmir to his second son Harnadeva. This gave rise to the Pandava Dynasty of Kashmir. Harnadeva lost a succession war against Janamejaya, and so he remained the King of Kashmir. The last ruler was Bhagavanta, who was defeated by Lava in 1752 BCE.[7]
Lava A descendant of Gonanda I, who belonged to the Naga Dynasty and defeated King Bhagavanta of the Pandava Dynasty of Kashmir in 1752 BCE. He laid the foundation of Kashmira Naga Dynasty, a sub-division of the Gonanda Dynasty (I). He established a city named Lolora (Lolab) in Kashmir. According to the Rajatarangini, there were 84 lakh stone-walled houses in it.
Kusheshaya Son of Lava
Khagendra Son of Kushyendra
Surendra Son of Khagendra. Surendra was the first Buddhist king of Kashmir who established the Buddhist culture of Saman culture in Kashmir.
Godhara Belonged to a different family from Lava's dynasty (I.95)
Suvarna Known for constructing a canal named Suvarnamani
Janaka Unsuccessfully invaded Persia
Shachinara Died childless
Ashoka Great-grandson of Shakuni and son of Shachinara's first cousin. Built a great city called Srinagara (near but not same as the modern-day Srinagar). In his days, the mlechchhas (foreigners) overran the country, and he took sannyasa. According to Kalhana's account, this Ashoka would have ruled in the 2nd millennium BCE, and was a member of the dynasty founded by Godhara. Kalhana also states that this king had adopted the doctrine of Jina, constructed stupas and Shiva temples, and appeased Bhutesha (Shiva) to obtain his son Jalauka. Despite the discrepancies, multiple scholars identify Kalhana's Ashoka with the Mauryan emperor Ashoka, who adopted Buddhism.[8] Although "Jina" is a term generally associated with Jainism, some ancient sources use it to refer to the Buddha.[9]
Jalauka (Jaloka) A staunch Shaivite, who constructed several Shiva temples. He rid the country from the mlechchhas (foreigners, possibly Greco-Bactrians). [10]
Damodara II Devout Shaivite. Built a new city called Damodarasuda, and a dam called Guddasetu.
Hushka, Jushka, and Kanishka Buddhist kings of Turashka origin (according to Kalhana). The third king is identified with Kanishka of the Kushan Empire.[11]
Abhimanyu I A Shaivite during whose reigns Buddhists also flourished. Because of the rising Buddhist influence, people stopped following the Shaivite Nāga rites prescribed in the holy text Nilamata Purana. This angered the Nāgas, who heavily persecuted the Buddhists. To avoid this disorder, the king retired. A Brahmin named Chandradeva restored Shaivite rites by worshipping Shiva.

Gonanditya dynasty (I)

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The Gonanda dynasty ruled Kashmir for 1002 years.[1]

Ruler Reign[1] Ascension year Notes
Gonanda III 35 years 1182 BCE Gonanda III founded a new dynasty. (I.191) He belonged to Rama's lineage, and restored the Nāga rites
Vibhishana I 53 years, 6 months 1147 BCE
Indrajit 35 years 1094 BCE
Ravana 30 years, 6 months – A Shivalinga attributed to Ravana could still be seen at the time of Kalhana.
Vibhishana II 35 years, 6 months 1058 BCE
Nara I (Kinnara) 40 years, 9 months 1023 BCE His queen eloped with a Buddhist monk, so he destroyed the Buddhist monasteries and gave their land to the Brahmins. He tried to abduct a Nāga woman, who was the wife of a Brahmin. Because of this, the Nāga chief burnt down the king's city, and the king died in the fire.
Siddha 60 years 983 BCE Siddha, the son of Nara, was saved from Nāga's fury, because he was away from the capital at the time. He was a religious king, and followed a near-ascetic lifestyle.
Utpalaksha 30 years, 6 months 923 BCE Son of Siddha
Hiranyaksha 37 years, 7 months 893 BCE Son of Utpalaksha
Hiranyakula 60 years 855 BCE Son of Hiranyaksha
Vasukula (Mukula) 60 years 795 BCE Son of Hiranyakula. During his reign, the Mlechchhas (possibly Hunas) overran Kashmir.
Mihirakula 70 years 735 BCE According to historical evidence, Mihirakula's predecessor was Toramana. Kalhana mentions a king called Toramana, but places him much later, in Book 3.[12] According to Kalhana, Mihirakula was a cruel ruler who ordered killings of a large number of people, including children, women and elders. He invaded the Sinhala Kingdom, and replaced their king with a cruel man. As he passed through Chola, Karnata and other kingdoms on his way back to Kashmir, the rulers of these kingdoms fled their capitals and returned only after he had gone away. On his return to Kashmir, he ordered killings of 100 elephants, who had been startled by the cries of a fallen elephant. Once, Mihirakula dreamt that a particular stone could be moved only by a chaste woman. He put this to test: the women who were unable to move the stone were killed, along with their husbands, sons and brothers. He was supported by some immoral Brahmins. In his old age, the king committed self-immolation.
Vaka (Baka) 63 years, 18 days 665 BCE A virtuous king, he was seduced and killed by a woman named Vatta, along with several of his sons and grandsons.
Kshitinanda 30 years 602 BCE The only surviving child of Vaka
Vasunanda 52 years, 2 months 572 BCE "Originator of the science of love"
Nara II 60 years 520 BCE Son of Vasunanda
Aksha 60 years 460 BCE Son of Nara II
Gopaditya 60 years, 6 days 400 BCE Son of Aksha. Gave lands to Brahmins. Expelled several irreligious Brahmins who used to eat garlic (non-Sattvic diet); in their place, he brought others from foreign countries.
Gokarna 57 years, 11 months 340 BCE Son of Gopaditya
Narendraditya I (Khingkhila) 36 years, 3 months, 10 days 282 BCE Son of Gokarna
Yudhisthira I 34 years, 5 months, 1 day 246 BCE Called "the blind" because of his small eyes. In later years of his reign, he started patronizing unwise persons, and the wise courtiers deserted him. He was deposed by rebellious ministers, and granted asylum by a neighboring king. His descendant Meghavahana later restored the dynasty's rule.

Other rulers

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No kings mentioned in this book have been traced in any other historical source.[12] These kings ruled Kashmir for 192 years.[1]

Ruler Reign[1] Ascension year Notes
Pratapaditya I 32 years 167 BCE Pratapaditya was a relative of a distant king named Vikrmaditya (II.6). This Vikramaditya is not same as the Vikramaditya of Ujjain, who is mentioned later as a patron of Matrigupta.
Jalauka 32 years 135 BCE Son of Pratapaditya
Tungjina I 36 years 103 BCE Shared the administration with his queen. The couple sheltered their citizens in the royal palace during a severe famine resulting from heavy frost. After his death, the queen committed sati. The couple died childless.
Vijaya 8 years 67 BCE From a different dynasty than Tungjina.
Jayendra 37 years 59 BCE Son of Vijaya: his "long arms reached to his knees". His flatters instigated him against his minister Sandhimati. The minister was persecuted, and ultimately imprisoned because of rumors that he would succeed the king. Sandhimati remained in prison for 10 years. In his old age, the childless king ordered killing of Sandhimati to prevent any chance of him becoming a king. He died after hearing about the false news of Sandhimati's death.
Sandhimati alias Aryaraja 47 years 22 BCE Sandhimati was selected by the citizens as the new ruler. He ascended the throne reluctantly, at the request of his guru Ishana. He was a devout Shaivite, and his reign was marked by peace. He filled his court with rishis (sages), and spent his time in forest retreats. Therefore, his ministers replaced him with Meghavahana, a descendant of Yudhishthira I. He willingly gave up the throne.

Restored Gonandiya dynasty/Gonanda dynasty (II)

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Main article: Gonanda dynasty (II)
Ruler Reign[1] Ascension year Notes
Meghavahana 34 years 25 CE
 
Possible coinage of Meghavahana. Circa 7th century CE, Kashmir.[a][13]
Meghavahana was the son of Yudhisthira I's great-grandson, who had been granted asylum by Gopaditya, the king of Gandhara. Meghavahana had been selected the husband of a Vaishnavite princess at a Swayamvara in another kingdom. The ministers of Kashmir brought him to Kashmir after Sandhimati proved to be an unwilling king. Meghavahana banned animal slaughter and compensated those who earned their living through hunting. He patrnozed Brahmins, and set up a monastery. His queens built Buddhist viharas and monasteries. He subdued kings in regions as far as Sinhala Kingdom, forcing them to abandon animal slaughter.
Shreshtasena (Pravarasena I / Tungjina II) 30 years 59 CE Son of Meghavahana
Hiranya
and co-regent
Toramana		 30 years, 2 months 89 CE
 
Coin in the name of "Śrī Toramaņa", c. 6th century, Kashmir.[13]

Son of Shreshtasena, assisted by his brother and co-regent Toramana. The king imprisoned Toramana, when the latter stuck royal coins in his own name. Toramana's son Pravarasena, who had been brought up in secrecy by his mother Anjana, freed him. Hiranya died childless. Several coins of a king named Toramana have been found in the Kashmir region. This king is identified by some with Huna ruler Toramana, although his successor Mihirakula is placed much earlier by Kalhana.[12]

Matrigupta 4 years, 9 months, 1 day 120 CE According to Kalhana, the emperor Vikramditya (alias Harsha) of Ujjayini defeated the Shakas, and made his friend and poet Matrigupta the ruler of Kashmir. After Vikramaditya's death, Matrigupta abdicated the throne in favour of Pravarasena. According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary Vikramaditya of Ujjain with the Vardhana Emperor Harsha (c. 606–47 CE).[14] The latter is identified with Shiladitya mentioned in Xuanzang's account. However, according to M. A. Stein, Kalhana's Vikramaditya is another Shiladitya mentioned in Xuanzang's account: a king of Malwa around 580 CE.[15]
Pravarasena II 60 years 125 CE
 
Coinage in the name of "Pravarasena". Circa 6th-early 7th century CE, Kashmir.[b][13]
Historical evidence suggests that a king named Pravarasena ruled Kashmir in the 6th century CE.[12] According to Kalhana, Pravarasena subdued many other kings, in lands as far as Saurashtra. He restored the rule of Vikramaditya's son Pratapshila (alias Shiladitya), who had been expelled from Ujjain by his enemies. Pratapshila agreed to be a vassal of Pravarasena after initial resistance. He founded a city called Pravarapura, which is identified by later historians as the modern city of Srinagar on the basis topographical details.[16]
Yudhishthira II 39 years, 8 months 185 CE Son of Pravarasena
Narendraditya I (Lakshmana) 13 years 206 CE Son of Yudhishthira II and Padmavati
Ranaditya I (Tungjina III) - 219 CE
 
Coinage in the name of "Sri Tujina". Circa 7th century CE, Kashmir.[13]
Younger brother of Narendraditya. His queen Ranarambha was an incarnation of Bhramaravasini. The Chola king Ratisena had found her among the waves, during an ocean worship ritual.
Vikramaditya 42 years 519 CE Son of Ranaditya
Baladitya 36 years, 8 months 561 CE Younger brother of Vikramaditya. He subdued several enemies. An astrologer prophesied that his son-in-law would succeed him as the king. To avoid this outcome, the king married his daughter Anangalekha to Durlabhavardhana, a handsome but non-royal man from Ashvaghama Kayastha caste.

Early Medieval Period

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Karkota dynasty (c. 625–855 CE)

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Main article: Karkota dynasty
List of rulers–[17]
Ruler Reign Ascension year
Durlabhavardhana (Prajnaditya) 38 years 598 CE
Durlabhaka (Pratapaditya II) 60 years 634 CE
Chandrapida (Vajraditya I) 8 years, 8 months 694 CE
Tarapida (Udayaditya) 4 years, 24 days 703 CE
Muktapida (Lalitaditya I) 36 years, 7 months, 11 days 703 CE
Kuvalayapida 1 year, 15 days 739 CE
Vajraditya II (Bappiyaka / Vappiyaka / Lalitaditya II) 7 years 746 CE
Prithivyapida I 4 years, 1 month 750 CE
Sangramapida I 7 days 750 CE
Jayapida (Vinayaditya); Jajja 31 years; 3 years 781 CE
Lalitapida 12 years 793 CE
Sangramapida II (Prithivyapida II) 7 years 805 CE
Chippatajayapida (Brhspati / Vrihaspati) 12 years 812 CE
Ajitapida 37 years 830 CE
Anangapida 3 years 867 CE
Utpalapida 2 years 870 CE

Utpala dynasty (c. 855–1012 CE)

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Main article: Utpala dynasty
List of rulers–
Ruler Reign (CE)
Avantivarman 853/855–883
Shankaravarman 883–902
Gopalavarman 902–904
Sankata 904
Sugandha 904–906
Partha 906–921
Nirjitavarman 921–922
Chakravarman 922–933
Shuravarman I 933–934
Partha (2nd reign) 934–935
Chakravarman (2nd reign) 935
Shankaravardhana (or Shambhuvardhana) 935–936
Chakravarman (3rd reign) 936–937
Unmattavanti ("Mad Avanti") 937–939
Shuravarman II 939
Yashaskara-deva 939
Varnata 948
Sangramadeva (Sanggrama I) 948
Parvagupta 948–950
Kshemagupta 950–958
Abhimanyu II 958–972
Nandigupta 972–973
Tribhuvanagupta 973–975
Bhimagupta 975–980
Didda 980–1009/1012

Lohar dynasty (c. 1003–1339 CE)

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Main article: Lohara dynasty
List of rulers–[18]
Ruler Ascension year (CE)
Sangramaraja (Samgramaraja / Kshamapati) 1003 CE
Hariraja 1028 CE
Ananta-deva 1028 CE
Kalasha (Ranaditya II) 1063 CE
Utkarsha 1089 CE
Harsha died in 1101 CE
Uchchala 1101 CE
Sussala unknown
Jayasimha 1111 CE
Paramanuka 1123 CE
Vantideva until 1165 CE
Vuppadeva 1172 CE
Jassaka 1181 CE
Jagadeva 1199 CE
Rājadeva 1213 CE
Samgrāmadeva 1235 CE
Laksmandadeva 1273 CE
Simhadeva 1286 CE
Sūhadeva 1301 CE
Rinchan 13 November 1320 – December 1320 (as Maharaja of Kashmir), December 1320 – 25 November 1323 (as Sultan of Kashmir)
Udayanadeva 1323 CE
Kota Rani 1338–1339 CE[18]

Late Medieval Period

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Kashmir Sultanate (c. 1320/1339–1589)

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Main article: Kashmir Sultanate

Bhoti dynasty (c. 1320–1323)

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Main article: Rinchan
No. Titular Name Personal Name Reign
1 Sadr'ud-Din Shah Rinchan 13 November 1320 – 31 December 1323

Shah Mir dynasty (c. 1339–1561 CE)

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Main article: Shah Mir dynasty
No. Titular Name Personal Name Reign
2 Shamsu'd-Dīn Shāh Shāh Mīr 4 July 1339 – 6 July 1342
3 Jamshīd Shāh Jamshīd 6 July 1342 – 6 May 1343
4 Alāu'd-Dīn Shāh Alī Shēr 6 May 1343 – 19 April 1354
5 Shihābu'd-Dīn Shāh Shīrashāmak 19 April 1354 – 6 June 1373
6 Qutbu'd-Dīn Shāh Hindāl 6 June 1373 – 24 August 1389
7 Sikandar Shāh Shingara 24 August 1389 – 31 May 1413
8 Alī Shāh Mīr Khān 31 May 1413 – 20 February 1418
9 Ghiyasu'd-Din Shah Shāhī Khān 20 February 1418 – December 1419
– Alī Shāh Mīr Khān December 1419 – 7 July 1420
– Ghiyasu'd-Din Shah Shāhī Khān 7 July 1420 – 5 April 1470
10 Haider Shāh Hāji Khān 5 April 1470 – 13 April 1472
11 Hasan Shāh Hasan Khān 13 April 1472 – 19 April 1484
12 Muhammad Shāh Muhammad Khān 19 April 1484 – 14 October 1486
13 Fatēh Shāh Fatēh Khān 14 October 1486 – July 1493
– Muhammad Shāh Muhammad Khān July 1493 – 1505
– Fatēh Shāh Fatēh Khān 1505 – 1514
– Muhammad Shāh Muhammad Khān 1514 – September 1515
– Fatēh Shāh Fatēh Khān September 1515 – August 1517
– Muhammad Shāh Muhammad Khān August 1517 – January 1528
14 Ibrahīm Shāh Ibrahīm Khān January 1528 – April 1528
15 Nāzuk Shāh Nādir Shāh April 1528 – June 1530
– Muhammad Shāh Muhammad Khān June 1530 – July 1537
16 Shamsu'd-Dīn Shāh II Shamsu'd-Dīn July 1537 – 1540
17 Ismaīl Shāh Ismaīl Khān 1540 – December 1540
– Nāzuk Shāh Nādir Shāh December 1540 – December 1552
– Ibrahīm Shāh Ibrahīm Khān December 1552 – 1555
– Ismaīl Shāh Ismaīl Khān 1555 – 1557
18 Habīb Shāh Habīb Khān 1557 – 1561
  • NOTE : Muhammad Shah had five separate reigns from 1484 to 1537.[19][20]

Chak dynasty (c. 1561–1579 CE)

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Main article: Chak dynasty
No. Titular Name Personal Name Reign
19 Muḥammad Humāyūn Ghazi Shah 1561 – 1563
20 Nasiru'd-Din Husain Shah 1563 – 1570
21 Zahīru'd-Din Muhammad Alī Ali Shah 1570 – December 1578
22 Nasiru'd-Din Ghazi Yousuf Shah December 1578 – February 1579

Baihaqi dynasty (c. 1579 CE)

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Main article: Sayyid Mubarak
No. Titular Name Personal Name Reign
23 Mubarak Ghazi Mubarak Baihaqi February 1579 – November 1579

Restored Chak dynasty (c. 1579–1589 CE)

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No. Titular Name Personal Name Reign
24 Lohar Ghazi Lohar Khan November 1579 – November 1580
– Nasiru'd-Din Ghazi Yousuf Shah November 1580 – 14 February 1586
25 Ismā'īl Shah Yakub Shah 14 February 1586 – 8 August 1589
  • NOTE : Yakub Shah was dethroned on 14 October 1586 by the Mughals but continued to use the title of the Sultan of Kashmir till 1589.

Early Modern Period

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Jamwal rulers of Jammu (c. 1600–1846 CE)

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Ruler Portrait Reign Reference
Raja Sangram Dev 1600 – 1625 [21]
Raja Bhupat Dev 1625 – 1650 [21]
Raja Hari Dev   1660 – 1690 [21][22]
Raja Gajai Dev 1690 – 1703 [21][22]
Raja Dhruv Dev   1703 – 1735 [21][22]
Mian Ghansar Dev   1735 – 1747 [21]
Raja Ranjit Dev   1747 – 1781 [21]
Raja Braj Dev   1781 – 1787 [21]
Raja Sampuran Dev   1787 – 1797 [21]
Raja Jit Dev   1797 – 1808 or 1812 [21][22]
Direct Sikh Rule 1808 or 1812 – 1820
Raja Kishore Singh   1820 – 1822 [citation needed]
Raja Gulab Singh   1822 – 1846 [citation needed]

Mughal Kashmir (c. 1586–1752)

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Further information: Mughal Kashmir

Durrani Empire (c. 1752–1754 CE)

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Main articles: Durrani dynasty and Durrani Empire
NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
Ahmad Shah Durrani1720/1722 – 4 June 177217521754Established the Durrani dynasty and the Durrani EmpireDurrani 

Raja of Kashmir (c. 1754–1762 CE)

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Main article: Kingdom of Kashmir (1754-1762)
Titular Name(s) Personal Name Reign
Raja Jiwan Sukh Jiwan Mal Sahni 1754–1762

Durrani Empire (restored) (c. 1762–1819 CE)

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NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
Ahmad Shah Durrani1720/1722 – 4 June 177217624 June 1772Durrani 
Timur Shah DurraniDecember 1746 – 20 May 1793November 177220 May 1793Durrani 
Zaman Shah Durrani1770–184420 May 179325 July 1801
(deposed)		Durrani 
Mahmud Shah Durrani1769 – 18 April 182925 July 180113 July 1803
(deposed)		Durrani 
Shah Shujah Durrani4 November 1785 – 5 April 184213 July 18033 May 1809
(deposed)		Durrani 
Mahmud Shah Durrani
(2nd reign)		1769 – 18 April 18293 May 18091818
(deposed)		Durrani 
Ali Shah Durraniunknown18181819
(deposed)		Durrani 

Modern Period

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Sikh Empire (c. 1819–1846 CE)

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Main article: Sikh Empire
S. No. Name Portrait Birth and death Reign Note
1 Maharaja Ranjit Singh   13 November 1780 (Gujranwala) 27 June 1839 (Lahore) 5 July 1819 27 June 1839 19 years, 357 days The first Sikh king Stroke
2 Maharaja Kharak Singh   22 February 1801 (Lahore) 5 November 1840 (Lahore) 27 June 1839 8 October 1839 103 days Son of Ranjit Singh Poisoning
3 Maharaja Nau Nihal Singh   11 February 1820 (Lahore) 6 November 1840 (Lahore) 8 October 1839 6 November 1840 1 year, 29 days Son of Kharak Singh Assassinated
4 Maharani Chand Kaur
  1802 (Fatehgarh Churian) 11 June 1842 (Lahore) 6 November 1840 18 January 1841 73 days Wife of Kharak Singh and the only female ruler of Sikh Empire Abdicated
5 Maharaja Sher Singh   4 December 1807 (Batala) 15 September 1843 (Lahore) 18 January 1841 15 September 1843 2 years, 240 days Son of Ranjit Singh Assassinated
6 Maharaja Duleep Singh   6 September 1838 (Lahore) 22 October 1893 (Paris) 15 September 1843 16 March 1846 2 years, 182 days Son of Ranjit Singh Exiled

State of Jammu and Kashmir (c. 1846–1952 CE)

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Main articles: Dogra dynasty and Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)
Ruler Portrait Reign
Maharaja Gulab Singh   16 March 1846 – 20 February 1856
Maharaja Ranbir Singh   20 February 1856 – 12 September 1885
Maharaja Pratap Singh   12 September 1885 – 23 September 1925
Maharaja Hari Singh   12 September 1925 – 17 November 1952[note 1]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Obverse: Shiva Pashupati ("Lord of the Beasts"), making a mudra gesture with right hand and holding filleted trident; behind, a lioness or tiger. Trace of legend Meghana... in Brahmi. Reverse: Goddess seated facing on lotus, holding lotus in both hand, Kidara monogram to left, Jaya in Brahmi to right.
  2. ^ Obverse: Standing king with two figured seated below. Name "Pravarasena". Reverse: goddess seated on a lion. Legend "Kidāra".
  1. ^ Monarchy abolished.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Stein 1979, pp. 133–138.
  2. ^ Anand, Adarsh Sein (2007). The Constitution of Jammu & Kashmir: Its Development & Comments (5 ed.). Universal Law Publishing Company Pvt. Limited. p. 67. ISBN 978-81-7534-520-1.
  3. ^ "Rajatarangini" Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 17 December 2011.
  4. ^ 1st Edition Cold War in the High Himalayas The USA, China and South Asia in the 1950s By S. Mahmud Ali Copyright 1999( When tribal Pathan militias from Pakistan's North-West Frontiers joined Sudhan Pathan rebels fighting for freedom, Hari Singh fled to Jammu and reportedly signed a letter of accession to India.) Page 19 [1]
  5. ^ "Gonanda Dynasty". Kashmir Through Ages. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  6. ^ Raina 2013, p. 260.
  7. ^ "Pandav Dynasty". Kashmir Through Ages. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  8. ^ Guruge 1994, pp. 185–186.
  9. ^ Lahiri 2015, pp. 378–380.
  10. ^ Guruge 1994, p. 130.
  11. ^ Pandit, Ranjit Sitaram (1935). River Of Kings (rajatarangini). p. 23 I68-.
  12. ^ a b c d Stein 1979, p. 65.
  13. ^ a b c d Cribb, Joe (2016). "Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage – A New Hoard and An Anomaly". Numismatic Digest. 40.
  14. ^ D. C. Sircar (1969). Ancient Malwa And The Vikramaditya Tradition. Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 111. ISBN 978-8121503488. Archived from the original on 17 June 2016.
  15. ^ Stein 1979, p. 66.
  16. ^ Stein 1989, pp. 439–441.
  17. ^ Stein, M.A. (1900). Kalhaņa's Rājatarańgiņī, A Chronicle of the Kings of Kaśmīr. Westminster: Archibald Constable. pp. 133–138.
  18. ^ a b Pillai, P. Govinda (4 October 2022). The Bhakti Movement: Renaissance or Revivalism?. Taylor & Francis. p. 150. ISBN 978-1-000-78039-0.
  19. ^ "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Sultans of Kashmir".
  20. ^ Hasan, Mohibbul (2005) [1959]. Kashmir Under the Sultans (Reprinted ed.). Delhi: Aakar Books. p. 325. ISBN 978-81-87879-49-7. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Randhawa, M. S. (2013). Basohli Painting (2nd reprint ed.). Lodhi Road, New Delhi: Additional Director General, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 102. ISBN 9788123018065.
  22. ^ a b c d Seth, Mira. "1: Background". Dogra Wall Paintings in Jammu and Kashmir (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 1–9. ISBN 9780195615494.

Works cited

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