Wikipedia

Earthquake early warning system

"Earthquake Early Warning" redirects here. For the system in the United States, see ShakeAlert. For the system in Japan, see Earthquake Early Warning (Japan). For the system in Mexico, see Mexican Seismic Alert System.
"EEW" redirects here. For the epoxy equivalent weight, see Epoxy value.

An earthquake warning system or earthquake alarm system is a system of accelerometers, seismometers, communication, computers, and alarms that is devised for rapidly notifying adjoining regions of a substantial earthquake once one begins. This is not the same as earthquake prediction, which is currently not capable of producing decisive event warnings.

An animation detailing how earthquake warning systems work: When P waves are detected, the readings are analyzed immediately, and, if needed, the warning information is distributed to advanced users and cell phones, radio, television, sirens, and PA systems/fire alarm systems before the arrival of S waves.

Time lag and wave projection

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An earthquake is caused by the release of stored elastic strain energy during rapid sliding along a fault. The sliding starts at some location and progresses away from the hypocenter in each direction along the fault surface. The speed of the progression of this fault tear is slower than, and distinct from the speed of the resultant pressure and shear waves, with the pressure wave traveling faster than the shear wave. The pressure waves are always smaller in amplitude than the damaging shear waves that are the most destructive to structures, particularly buildings that have a resonant period similar to those of the radiated waves. Typically, these buildings are around eight floors in height. These waves will be strongest at the ends of the slippage, and may project destructive waves well beyond the fault failure. The intensity of such remote effects are highly dependent upon local soils conditions within the region and these effects are considered in constructing a model of the region that determines appropriate responses to specific events.

Transit safety

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Such systems are currently implemented to determine appropriate real-time response to an event by the train operator in urban rail systems such as BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit) and LA Metro.[1] The appropriate response is dependent on the warning time, the local right-of-way conditions and the current speed of the train.

 
Warning time given by the earthquake warning system of the Earthquake Network project[2] during the May 2015 Nepal earthquake. The cross marker depicts the earthquake epicenter while the dot marker shows the detection location.

Deployment

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Deployment of earthquake warning systems

As of 2024, China,[3] Japan,[4] Taiwan,[5] South Korea[6] and Israel[7] have comprehensive, nationwide earthquake early warning systems, that notify people in the affected areas via Wireless Emergency Alerts (WEA), TV alerts, radio announcements or via civil defense sirens.

Countries such as Mexico,[8] United States[9] and Canada[10] have regional earthquake warning systems and notify people using the same technologies mentioned earlier. In particular the Mexican Seismic Alert System covers areas of central and southern Mexico including Mexico City and Oaxaca uses civil defense sirens while ShakeAlert covers California, Oregon, Washington in the US and British Columbia in Canada, using WEA.

Countries such as Guatemala,[11] El Salvador,[12] Nicaragua,[13] Costa Rica[14] and Romania[15] have deployed systems that alert only specific users through the download of applications. While systems are being tested in Italy, France, Turkey, Switzerland, Chile, Peru, Indonesia.

The earliest automated earthquake pre-detection systems were installed in the 1990s; for instance, in California, the Calistoga fire station's system which automatically triggers a citywide siren to alert the entire area's residents of an earthquake.[16] Some California fire departments use their warning systems to automatically open overhead doors of fire stations before the earthquake can disable them. While many of these efforts are governmental, several private companies also manufacture earthquake early warning systems to protect infrastructure such as elevators, gas lines and fire stations.

Canada

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In 2009, an early warning system called ShakeAlarm was installed and commissioned in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It was placed to protect a piece of critical transportation infrastructure called the George Massey Tunnel, which connects the north and south banks of the Fraser River. In this application the system automatically closes the gates at the tunnel entrances if there is a dangerous seismic event inbound.[17] The success and the reliability of the system was such that as of 2015 there have been several additional installations on the west coast of Canada and the United States, and there are more being planned.

On August 29, 2024, the Canadian Earthquake Early Warning system was launched in British Columbia by Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), and is expected to be expanded to southern Quebec and eastern Ontario later in 2024. Alerts generated by this system are delivered to the public via the country's National Public Alerting System.[18][19] The early warning system was developed in cooperation with the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and is based upon USGS's ShakeAlert system.[20] While the two systems are distinct, USGS and NRCan share processing software, algorithms and real-time data.[21][22]

China

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Monitoring station map of China's national earthquake early warning system

The earliest earthquake warning system in China was built in the 1990s.[23] The devastation of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake stimulated China's investment in nationwide earthquake early warning systems (EEWS). Large amounts of monitoring stations, sensors, and analytic systems were installed to improve the accuracy, responsiveness, and comprehensiveness of the earthquake data. In June 2019, the Chengdu Hi-Tech Disaster Reduction Institution, part of the national EEWS system, successfully warned various townships of a 6.0M earthquake 10–27 seconds before the shockwave arrived.[24] In 2023, China Earthquake Administration announced that the national EEWS was completed, with 150,000 monitoring stations, managed by three national centers, 31 provincial centers, 173 prefectural and municipal centers. It's the largest seismic network in the world.[23]

Japan

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Main article: Earthquake Early Warning (Japan)

Japan's Earthquake Early Warning system was put to practical use in 2006. The system that warns the general public was installed on October 1, 2007.[25][26] It was modeled partly on the Urgent Earthquake Detection and Alarm System (UrEDAS [ja]) of Japan Railways, which was designed to enable automatic braking of bullet trains.[27]

Gravimetric data from the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake has been used to create a model for increased warning time compared to seismic models, as gravity fields travel at the speed of light, much faster than seismic waves.[28]

Mexico

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The Mexican Seismic Alert System, otherwise known as SASMEX, began operations in 1991 and began publicly issuing alerts in 1993. It is funded by the Mexico City government, with financial contributions from several states that receive the alert. Initially serving Mexico City with twelve sensors, the system now has 97 sensors and is designed to protect life and property in several central and southern Mexican states.

United States

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Example of early warning issued by ShakeAlert
Main article: ShakeAlert

The United States Geological Survey (USGS) began research and development of an early warning system for the West Coast of the United States in August 2006, and the system became demonstrable in August 2009.[29] Following various developmental phases, version 2.0 went live during the fall of 2018, allowing the "sufficiently functional and tested" system to begin Phase 1 of alerting California, Oregon and Washington.[30]

Even though ShakeAlert could alert the public beginning September 28, 2018, the messages themselves could not be distributed until the various private and public distribution partners had completed mobile apps and made changes to various emergency alerting systems. The first publicly available alerting system was the ShakeAlertLA app, released on New Year's Eve 2018 (although it only alerted for shaking in the Los Angeles area).[31] On October 17, 2019, Cal OES announced a statewide rollout of the alert distribution system in California, using mobile apps and the Wireless Emergency Alerts (WEA) system.[32][33][34] California refers to their system as the California Earthquake Early Warning System. A statewide alert distribution system was rolled out in Oregon on March 11, 2021[35] and in Washington on May 4, 2021, completing the alert system for the West Coast.[36][37]

Global systems

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Earthquake Network

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Main article: Earthquake Network

In January 2013, Francesco Finazzi of the University of Bergamo started the Earthquake Network research project which aims at developing and maintaining a crowdsourced earthquake warning system based on smartphone networks.[2][38] Smartphones are used to detect the ground shaking induced by an earthquake and a warning is issued as soon as an earthquake is detected. People living at a further distance from the epicenter and the detection point may be alerted before they are reached by the damaging waves of the earthquake. People can take part in the project by installing the Android application "Earthquake Network" on their smart phones. The app requires the phone to receive the alerts.

MyShake

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In February 2016, the Berkeley Seismological Laboratory at University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) released the MyShake mobile app. The app uses accelerometers in phones that are stationary and connected to a power supply to record shaking and relay that information back to the laboratory.[39][40] The system issues automated warnings of earthquakes of magnitude 4.5 or greater.[40] UC Berkeley released a Japanese-language version of the app in May 2016.[41] By December 2016, the app had captured nearly 400 earthquakes worldwide.[42]

Android Earthquake Alerts System

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On August 11, 2020, Google announced that its Android operating system would begin using accelerometers in devices to detect earthquakes (and send the data to the company's "earthquake detection server"). As millions of phones operate on Android, this may result in the world's largest earthquake detection network.[43]

Initially, the system only collected earthquake data and did not issue alerts (except for on the West Coast of the United States, where it provided alerts issued by the USGS's ShakeAlert system and not from Google's own detection system). At this early stage, data collected by Android devices was only used to provide fast information on a nearby earthquake via Google Search, but it was always planned to issue alerts based on Google's detection capabilities in the future.[43]

On April 28, 2021, Google announced the rollout of the alert system to Greece and New Zealand, the first countries to receive alerts based on Google's own detection capabilities.[44] Google's alerts were extended to Turkey, the Philippines, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan in June 2021.[45] In September 2024, Google announced their warnings would now cover the entire United States (including areas not monitored by USGS's ShakeAlert); at the time, the earthquake alerts could be delivered to 97 other countries.[46]

OpenEEW

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On August 11, 2020, Linux Foundation, IBM and Grillo announced the first fully open-source earthquake early-warning system, featuring instructions for a low-cost seismometer, cloud-hosted detection system, dashboard and mobile app.[47] This project is supported by USAID, the Clinton Foundation and Arrow Electronics. Smartphone-based earthquake early-warning systems are dependent on a dense network of users near the earthquake rupture zone, whereas OpenEEW has focused instead on providing affordable devices that can be deployed in remote regions close to where earthquakes can begin. All components of this system are open source and available on the project's GitHub repositories.

Social media

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Social networking sites such as Twitter and Facebook play a significant role during natural disasters.[48] The United States Geological Survey (USGS) has investigated collaboration with the social networking site Twitter to allow for more rapid construction of ShakeMaps.[49][50]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Metro, L. A. (2021-10-19). "Metro has installed ShakeAlert earthquake early warning system at all bus and rail divisions". The Source. Retrieved 2022-10-23.
  2. ^ a b Finazzi, Francesco; Fassò, Alessandro (2016). "A statistical approach to crowdsourced smartphone-based earthquake early warning systems". Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment. 31 (7): 1649–1658. arXiv:1512.01026. doi:10.1007/s00477-016-1240-8. S2CID 123910895.
  3. ^ 王丹宁. "Earthquake warning system enters full operation". chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 2024-10-07.
  4. ^ "Japan Meteorological Agency". Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 2024-10-07.
  5. ^ "P-Alert". palert.earth.sinica.edu.tw. Retrieved 2024-10-07.
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  7. ^ "Tru'a". gov.il. Retrieved 2024-10-07.
  8. ^ "Centro de Instrumentaci\u00F3n y Registro S\u00EDsmico, A. C." cires.org.mx. Retrieved 2024-10-07.
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  10. ^ "Earthquake Early Warning". Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 2024-10-07.
  11. ^ "APLICACIÓN DE ALERTA TEMPRANA POR ACTIVIDAD SISMICA » CONRED" (in Spanish). 2024-05-14. Retrieved 2024-10-07.
  12. ^ Naturales, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos (2024-09-25). "El Salvador lanza aplicación Alerta de Sismo para proteger a la población ante el riesgo sísmico". Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-10-07.
  13. ^ "INETER emite Alerta Temprana de Terremotos en Nicaragua" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-10-07.
  14. ^ Zúñiga, Johnny Núnez (2023-07-13). "UNA Comunica – Alerta temprana para terremotos disponible en Play Store". UNA Comunica (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2024-10-07.
  15. ^ "INCDFP | Institutul National de Cercetare si Dezvoltare pentru Fizica Pamantului". ews.infp.ro. Retrieved 2024-10-07.
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  23. ^ a b Sharma, Sejal (10 June 2023). "China is building the world's largest earthquake early warning system". Interesting Engineering.
  24. ^ "China's early warning system progress". Science. 26 July 2019.
  25. ^ "What is an Earthquake Early Warning?". Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved on 2008-06-29.
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  27. ^ Kumagai, Jean (June 2007). "A BriefHistory of Earthquake Warnings". IEEE Spectrum. Archived from the original on April 15, 2013. Retrieved 2009-05-09.
  28. ^ Lognonné, Philippe; Clévédé, Eric; Bernard, Pascal; Whiting, Bernard; Harms, Jan; Chassande-Mottin, Eric; Ampuero, Jean Paul; Barsuglia, Matteo; Juhel, Kévin; Montagner, Jean-Paul (2016-11-22). "Prompt gravity signal induced by the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake". Nature Communications. 7: 13349. Bibcode:2016NatCo...713349M. doi:10.1038/ncomms13349. PMC 5121411. PMID 27874858.
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  35. ^ Walsh, Lucy (March 5, 2021). "Oregon Rolls Out Public Alerting for Earthquakes on March 11, 2021". PNSN blog. Pacific Northwest Seismic Network. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
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  39. ^ Sanders, Robert (February 12, 2016). "New app turns smartphones into worldwide seismic network". Berkeley News. UC Berkeley. Retrieved April 4, 2021. UC Berkeley scientists today are releasing a free Android app that taps a smartphone's ability to record ground shaking from an earthquake, with the goal of creating a worldwide seismic detection network that could eventually warn users of impending jolts from nearby quakes.
  40. ^ a b Swann, Rachel (December 20, 2022). "MyShake app woke people hundreds of miles from California quake epicenter with shrill alarm". San Francisco Chronicle.
  41. ^ Sanders, Robert (May 21, 2016). "Japanese-language MyShake app crowdsources earthquake shaking". Berkeley News. UC Berkeley. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
  42. ^ Sanders, Robert (December 14, 2016). "Quake-detection app captured nearly 400 temblors worldwide". Berkeley News. UC Berkeley. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
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  48. ^ Dragović, Nataša; Vasiljević, Ðorđije; Stankov, Uglješa; Vujičić, Miroslav (20 August 2019). "Go social for your own safety! Review of social networks use on natural disasters – case studies from worldwide". Open Geosciences. 11 (1): 352–366. Bibcode:2019OGeo...11...28D. doi:10.1515/geo-2019-0028.
  49. ^ Mahalia Miller, Lynne Burks, and Reza Bosagh Zadeh Rapid Estimate of Ground Shaking Intensity by Combining Simple Earthquake Characteristics with Tweets, Tenth U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering
  50. ^ Zadeh, Reza (May 2, 2014). "Using Twitter to measure earthquake impact in almost real time" – via Twitter Engineering.
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