Echinoconchinae

Echinoconchinae is an extinct subfamily of brachiopods which lived during the Carboniferous and Permian periods in marine habitats. The family had a cosmopolitan distribution.

Echinoconchinae Temporal range:
Fossils of Echinoconchus (13-26) along with other brachiopods
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Brachiopoda
Class:	†Strophomenata
Order:	†Productida
Family:	†Echinoconchidae
Subfamily:	†Echinoconchinae Stehli, 1954
Subgroups
†Calliprotoniini †Calliprotonia †Echinoconchini †Chengxianoproductus †Echinaria †Echinoconchus †Stepanoconchus †Karavankinini †Echinoconchella †Karavankina

Taxonomy

The exact evolutionary relationships of Echinoconchinae relative to other groups of the suborder Productidina have been a matter of extensive debate throughout much of the 20th Century, primarily due to the three genera Buxtonia, Pustula and Juresania (with the debate later expanded to their families and subfamilies) shifting in position repeatedly between phylogenies and classifications. The emphasis on internal versus external characters to determine the systematics of these groups has largely been responsible for this: the original Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology published in 1965 placed emphasis on internal characters (including the cardinal process) as diagnostic, whereas the 2000 revision primarily used external features and shell shape, resulting in differing classification of these clades.

More recently, Leighton & Maples (2002) conducted multiple phylogenetic analyses which are strongly in agreement that the four subfamilies Echinoconchinae, Buxtoniinae, Pustulinae and Juresaniinae form the family Echinoconchidae. The cladogram results of their phylogenetic analyses are displayed in the cladogram below:

	Productella
	Praewaagenoconcha Sentosia Leioproductus Spinocarinifera Diaphragmus Antiquatonia Flexaria Buxtonia Pustula Echinoconchus Echinaria Pulchratia Parajuresania