The seminal work of fiction featuring eco-terrorism as a major focal point is Edward Abbey's 1975 novel The Monkey Wrench Gang, wherein a group of environmentalists disrupt various projects that are damaging to the environment. The novel inspired the Earth First! movement and directly influenced the Earth Liberation Front. The term "monkeywrenching", in the sense of sabotage, derives from the book.[1][2][3] The 1985 film Pale Rider, directed by and starring Clint Eastwood, likewise frames eco-terrorism positively; in the film, the vigilante justice morality which is a common feature of the Western genre is applied to environmentally destructive mining practices.[4] In contrast, Michael Crichton's 2004 novel State of Fear portrays eco-terrorists—in this case a group of environmentalists who seek to raise awareness about anthropogenic global warming by creating extreme weather events—in a negative light.[3]
The Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989 precipitated an increase in eco-terrorism appearing in fiction. Examples include Paul Di Filippo's 1993 short story "Up the Lazy River" and Rebecca Ore's 1995 novel Gaia's Toys.[5] Besides film and literature, the theme has also appeared in video games such as Final Fantasy VII.[6] In more recent years, eco-terrorist antagonists such as those in the 2018 superhero films Aquaman and Avengers: Infinity War have been portrayed as being right about the issues but wrong about the solutions. The portrayal of eco-terrorist protagonists also shifted in the second half of the 2010s; whereas in earlier works such as the 2013 film Night Moves they would be motivated by idealism, later works such as the 2017 film First Reformed and the 2018 novel The Overstory have them motivated by the existential dread of perceiving human society as fundamentally unsustainable in relation to nature.[7]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Darlington, Joseph (2018). "Chapter 6 Environmentalists and Conservationists: Terrorising the Countryside". British Terrorist Novels of the 1970s. Springer. pp. 123–124. ISBN 978-3-319-77896-9.
- ^ Ziser, Michael (2011). "Terrists: Ecosabotage, the Militia Movement, and The Monkey Wrench Gang". Terrorism and Narrative Practice. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 201–218. ISBN 978-3-643-80082-4.
- ^ a b Buell, Lawrence (2009). "What is Called Ecoterrorism" (PDF). Gramma: A Journal of Theory and Criticism: 155. ISSN 1106-1170.
- ^ Murray, Robin L.; Heumann, Joseph K. (2009-01-08). "Chapter 7 Eco-Terrorism in Film: Pale Rider and the Revenge Cycle". Ecology and Popular Film: Cinema on the Edge. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-7678-9.
- ^ Stableford, Brian (2006). "Ecocatastrophe". Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-415-97460-8.
- ^ Philippon, Daniel J. (2000). "Eco-Terrorism". In Pendergast, Tom; Pendergast, Sara (eds.). St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture Volume 2: E–J. Detroit: St. James Press. pp. 10–11. ISBN 1-55862-402-3.
- ^ "Climate Change Fiction Is Rethinking The Ecoterrorist". BuzzFeed News. Retrieved 2021-06-11.