Wikipedia

Economy of Pittsburgh

(Redirected from Economy of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)

Main article: Pittsburgh

The economy of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania is diversified, focused on services, medicine, higher education, tourism, banking, corporate headquarters and high technology. Once the center of the American steel industry, and still known as "The Steel City", today the city of Pittsburgh has no steel mills within its limits, though Pittsburgh-based companies such as US Steel, Ampco Pittsburgh and Allegheny Technologies own several working mills in the Pittsburgh metropolitan area.

The skyline of Pittsburgh near the Mon Incline
The Pittsburgh Central Business District, from Mt. Washington

Pittsburgh was chosen for the 2009 G-20 summit as its transformation is an example of a 21st-century economy. On September 8, 2009, President Barack Obama stated, "Pittsburgh stands as a bold example of how to create new jobs and industries while transitioning to a 21st century economy."[1]

On the list of best cities for job growth in 2009, created by Tara Weiss, a writer for Forbes magazine, Pittsburgh secured its spot because of its strength in the health care and education industries with healthy foundations in technology or robotics and banking industries.[2] The 2009 list of all cities places Pittsburgh as the 169th-best city for job growth.[3]

Pittsburgh has also ranked in the top five most livable cities in four of the seven multi-year rankings of Places Rated Almanac (1983, 1985, 1989, and 2007).[4]

History

edit
Main article: History of Pittsburgh

Early foundation

edit
 
Early look at Pittsburgh

During the mid-18th century, the economy of the Pittsburgh region was focused on agriculture and trade. After the American Revolutionary War, the government placed a tax on whiskey in order to pay off national debt. In 1794, the Whiskey Rebellion occurred in Pittsburgh and was the first challenge to the government.“The fledgling Federal government had decided to levy its first tax against whiskey, but the farmers argued they didn't have cash to pay taxes on bartered goods, and marched in protest. Washington had to send troops to squelch the protest and enforce the tax laws.”[5]

During the 18th century, large coal deposits were discovered throughout Pittsburgh. Mount Washington, originally called "Coal Hill", the “most valuable deposit of bituminous coal in the entire United States, was discovered there in 1760”.[6] Along with the natural resources of the area, Pittsburgh was located at the intersection of the Monongahela, Ohio, and Allegheny Rivers, that is, along the major trade routes of the United States, thus making Pittsburgh "one of the world's leading industrial powerhouses".

“The first and largest industry emerging in the 1800s was boat building—both flatboats to transport waves of pioneers and goods downriver, and keelboats, which a strong crew could propel upstream as well.” [5] The second biggest industry in the region was glass production. The first glass factory was built in 1795 by James O'Hara and Isaac Craig.[5]

Nineteenth century

edit

Pittsburgh’s wealthiest industrialists during the 19th century all lived in a single neighborhood known as East Liberty. The major list of industrialists includes H. J. Heinz, George Westinghouse, Andrew Carnegie, Thomas Mellon, Andrew Mellon, Henry Clay Frick and Philander Knox. All of these men shared similar ideas in the system of capitalism and utilized their skills to net the world’s highest income per capita during the 19th century in this single neighborhood.[7] Andrew Carnegie was also known as a philanthropist to the region. “In 1889 he wrote "The Gospel of Wealth", in which he asserted that all personal wealth beyond that required to supply the needs of one's family should be regarded as a trust fund to be administered for the benefit of the community”.[8] Subsequently, the Carnegie Library, which is free to the public, opened in Pittsburgh in 1890 and is still open presently.[9] Overall, Carnegie donated over $350 million for the establishment of organizations that benefit the public.[8] Wealthy industrialists founded the Duquesne Club in 1873 and the Greater Pittsburgh Chamber of Commerce in 1874. The Pittsburgh Stock Exchange was also formed in 1864 as the "Oil Exchange" before becoming the "Coal Exchange" in 1870 and then back to the "Oil Exchange" in 1878 until opening for all general stocks by 1894. The stock exchange closed its Fourth Avenue "financial district" doors in August 1974 after computerization had consolidated trades in New York, Chicago and other global centers but not before a 1966 response from the New York Stock Exchange board of possibly relocating their trading floor to the city's facilities.[10]

Railroad networks reached the Pittsburgh area in the mid-19th century. The Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad opened in 1851, which allowed passengers to travel through Allegheny and New Brighton while the Pennsylvania Railroad established "Pittsburgh service" as close as Turtle Creek from their Philadelphia hub that same year. A year later, in 1852, the Pennsylvania Railroad was completed to Downtown Pittsburgh. In 1856, the Allegheny Valley Railroad was built.[9][11] Andrew Carnegie was one of the first to capitalize on the railways; in 1865 he founded the Pittsburgh Locomotive and Car Works which would be an industry leader from the city until 1919.

In 1892, the economy of Pittsburgh faced the Homestead Strike between the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers and the Carnegie Steel Company. After the workers' previous wage contract expired in 1892, and a new negotiation was not reached, a violent conflict ensued leaving several dead and wounded. Ultimately, The Carnegie Steel company won and had avoided union formation in Pittsburgh.[12]

Emergence of "Big Steel"

edit

After Carnegie Steel was reorganized as U.S. Steel in 1901, it and J&L Steel dominated the local economy. Several secondary players contributed to the capacity of the metro area such as Cyclops Steel in Bridgeville, Pennsylvania from 1908 until 1987, Mesta Machinery in West Homestead, Pennsylvania from 1898 until 1983, Dravo Corporation at Neville Island, Pennsylvania until 1984,[13] National Steel Corporation until 1992, Wean United as an independent until 1993 (still maintaining US headquarters in the city), Harbison Walker Refactories as an independent until 1967 (while still maintaining US headquarters in the city) and the still operational Allegheny Technologies and Ampco Pittsburgh. Bethlehem Steel, Republic Steel and LTV Steel also had large local operations. Other major mills of the area included:

Carnegie's Union Railroad was founded in 1894 and is still in operation serving area steel mills.

Twentieth century

edit
 
Pittsburgh Steel mill in Homestead circa 1907

In the early 20th century the economy of Pittsburgh was primarily driven by the steel industry and the city had reached a population 321,616.[28] Throughout this period, Pittsburgh would see a spike in population and a slow decline at the end of the century. At one point Pittsburgh was the eighth-largest city in America.[citation needed] In 1901, The Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel and Tin Workers organized a general strike against the U.S. Steel Corporation subsidiaries, the first strike since 1892.[29]

A 1903 Pittsburgh Press front page highlighted the city's being a focus point for three different railroads.[30] In 1911 the city was being referred to as the "Stogie capital of the nation" with several high quality cigar manufacturers located in the region.[31]

Pittsburgh produced around one third of the national output of steel by the 1920s. During this period Pittsburgh was home to the world's largest tube and pipe mill, structural steel plant, rail mill, wire manufacturing plant, bridge and construction fabricating plant.[32] "Boat building and metal industries were later the economic base of the region. When coke from coal began to replace charcoal from wood in iron and steel making Pittsburgh grew up as the heart of the industry. A plentiful supply of bituminous coal underlies the Pittsburgh area."[33] Around forty percent of the nation's coal was obtained from within 100 miles of Pittsburgh.[32]

Due to the reforms of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal, steel unions gained success in Pittsburgh. The Wagner Act of 1935 gave employees rights to self-organize in labor unions and made it unlawful for employers to prevent or interfere with such unions.[34]

By the 1950s industrial leaders worked with regional government leaders to foster and retain more local industry; organizations such as the RIDC were formed to further this goal.[35][36]

However, in the early to mid-1980s the steel industry collapsed, leaving half of the nation's steelworkers unemployed.[37] "The number of steel workers in the Pittsburgh area dropped from 90,000 in 1980 to 44,000 in just four years".[38]

Motor Coils manufacturing company of suburban Forest Hills and Braddock has been a leading supplier to American railroads since 1957.[39]

Pittsburgh was a major center for advertising and public relations firms in the 20th century such as Ketchum and Burson-Marsteller.[40]

Retail chains such as G. C. Murphy, Thrift Drug, Thorofare, Fisher's Big Wheel and Giant Eagle were founded in the early part of the 20th century with Phar-Mor dominating local retail from the 1980s to the 2000s. Thorofare ceased operations in 1982 and Thrift Drug was bought out by Eckerd in 1996. Local stores of Loblaws closed in 1958, Kroger in 1966 (although it retains stores in nearby West Virginia counties) and A&P in 1972.[41] IGA closed its area stores in the early 2000s.[42]

Transition into the present economy

edit

Within the transitional years between 1970 and 1990, Pittsburgh's Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area saw shifts in its main employers, which were the manufacturing sector. In 1970, one out of every three jobs was in the manufacturing sector. By 1980 this had slipped to one in four. In 1980, the average production worker in manufacturing was making $360.89 weekly, which was almost $70 more than the state and national average. During this period the largest group of occupational employment was blue collar. This group in 1980 accounted for almost 68 percent of the jobs market. In the 1980s, a decline in the manufacturing industry was expected. The accepted trend was that Pittsburgh would embrace “industrial robots”. Since 1955 Pittsburgh has seen a steady decline in manufacturing employment. In 1955 Pittsburgh had a population of 41.8 percent in the manufactory business. In 1980 that number had slipped to almost 25.3 percent.[43]

Allegheny County is the center for health care and higher education employment. Higher education and health care were the biggest creators of high-wage[clarification needed] jobs in the Pittsburgh region between 1999 and 2005. Education accounts for almost 80% of high-wage jobs in Allegheny County. The Pittsburgh area has seen growth in other sectors as well. Professional services, finance and wholesale trade were among the growing sectors. However, much of this growth was outside the borders of Allegheny County. This was detrimental to the county of Allegheny; however, the growth in the outer nine counties helped to stabilize the loss of employment. With big events happening in Pittsburgh throughout the late 2000s, the tourism industry has flourished. The industry has created over 11,000 new jobs in the area, some 6,000 of them within Allegheny County.[44]

Pittsburgh has long been a major finance and banking center.[45]

Present situation

edit

Since 2009 Pittsburgh has hosted the annual DUG East Conference.[46][47]

 
"Total nonfarm employment, over-the-year percent change in the United States and the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, March 1999-2009"[48]

The following is a list of the top ten private employers in Pittsburgh.[49]

Rank Employer Number of Pittsburgh employees Product(s)
1 University of Pittsburgh Medical Center 40,600 Health care
2 University of Pittsburgh 12,600 Higher education
3 PNC Financial Services 9,200 Financial services
4 Allegheny Health Network 8,900 Health care
5 Giant Eagle 8,000 Supermarkets
6 Bank of New York Mellon 7,610 Financial services
7 Highmark 5,270 Health insurance
8 U.S. Steel 4,700 Steel manufacturing
9 Carnegie Mellon University 4,600 Higher education
10 Verizon Communications 3,750 Telecommunications

Pittsburgh saw fewer effects of the 2008 economic recession than many other American cities. The city's transition from heavy dependence on the manufacturing industries to an economy based on health services, education, and innovative technologies kept Pittsburgh from the worst of the recession. The housing industry never saw the over-inflation rates other regions were dealing with as housing prices rose two percent in the last quarter of 2008, while other cities in the nation saw a much higher decline percentage.[50] In the period between 2006 and 2011, the Pittsburgh MSA experienced over 10% appreciation in housing prices—the highest appreciation out of the largest 25 MSAs in the United States. 22 of the top 25 MSAs saw a depreciation of housing values during the same period.[51]

National non-profits

edit

Several national or global non-profits call Pittsburgh home including:

Twenty-first-century progression

edit

The shifting economy of Pittsburgh has seen changes since the 1990s; these are primarily in banking, health care and technology. However, In December 2004, Pittsburgh was forced into an Act 47 because the finances in the city were down. In January 2003 Pittsburgh's unemployment rate reached 6.8%, but has seen a major decline in, as in April 2005 the rates were near only 4.8%.[55] Since one in every five jobs in Pittsburgh lies within the health care service, Pittsburgh was able to hold steady during the recent economic downturn.[56][57] During this, the city also began to see growth in other occupations such as the business service and construction. The business service sectors in 2008 saw an increase of over 3,000 jobs. During the downturn, Pittsburgh still developed many parts of the city creating over 1,000 construction jobs in the region.[58]

Technology industry

edit

Pittsburgh has established itself as a technology hub with such companies as Google, Apple Inc., Intel, Uber, Facebook and RAND establishing campuses in the city. The Pittsburgh Technology Center, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center and Pittsburgh LAN Coalition also develop major innovations.[citation needed]

Companies such as Duolingo, Petrosoft, Modcloth, Guru.com, Songwhale and others have global headquarters in the city. The Crons company designs motivational athletic apparel.[59]

2009 G-20 Pittsburgh Summit

edit
Main article: 2009 G-20 Pittsburgh summit

Pittsburgh was chosen to hold the 2009 G-20 summit for multiple reasons. Pittsburgh utilizes its past by building on previous successes in manufacturing, business services, and green energy. "Pittsburgh manufacturers employ almost 100,000 workers and the region is the second-largest market in the United States for metals industry employment."[60] Pittsburgh is also home to some of the world's largest business and financial services, which supply the greatest amount to the regional economic output. In the past, innovation in energy has been advanced through commercialization of oil, coal, and natural gas. More focus and attention is being given to the innovation in sustainability and efficiency while protecting the environment as Pittsburgh has more than 30 LEED certified buildings.[60]

Economic development plan

edit

The State of Pennsylvania requires every county to develop a land use and growth management plan. Allegheny Places is the plan for Pittsburgh and Allegheny County. It was adopted in November 2008 and is a “unique blueprint for a sustainable future envisioned by the citizens of the County”.[61] The plan has a steering committee with over 100 members, an advisory committee with over 400 members, and a sounding board. The plan advocates a future in which:

  • Equitable access to the opportunities and benefits of economic development to all residents is provided
  • Former brownfields are transformed and developed
  • Transit-oriented development efforts reduce road congestion and connect the major economic areas – Oakland, Downtown, and the Pittsburgh International Airport
  • The promotion of greenways will link the community with parks, trails, riverfronts, etc.
  • Affordable[clarification needed] and high-quality[clarification needed] housing exists for all
  • A diversified economy provides stable, well-paying jobs[62]

The economic development plan includes enterprise zones, research and technology developments, development of research parks, such as the University of Pittsburgh Applied Research Center, partnerships with economic development organizations, and venture capital initiatives.

An Urban Enterprise Zone is a location within the inner city free from import duties, taxes, and some government regulations.[63] Studies of enterprise zones have shown increased job growth and investment. In the majority of studies, there is an apparent relationship between the creation of enterprise zones and increased economic activity in the zones. The zones also show economic activity not typical of the surrounding metropolitan area.[64] However, success is often questionable and subject to local conditions.[65] Allegheny County has 26 enterprise zones, in which 17 are in the City of Pittsburgh.[62]

The research and technology sector is growing due to the local universities, medical centers, the technology cluster, and the provision of financial capital to fund its development. These attributes provide the specific infrastructure required of sought-after industries.[62] Therefore, this could attract business to the region and sustain or expand existing firms, which should result in a net increase in total jobs. However, this type of development is still fairly new, which means it is difficult to draw any noteworthy conclusions about its potential. Also, the presence of universities provides the context for university-industry technology transfers, which is the effective movement of technology to industry via students trained in detailed programs to meet the detailed wants of the industry.[66]

Economic upward mobility

edit

According to a 2014 report published by the National Bureau of Economic Research, Pittsburgh is the second-best American city for intergenerational economic mobility;[67] in other words, Pittsburgh is the second best city to achieve the American Dream.[68]

2013 news

edit

As of early 2013 the largest property managers in the Pittsburgh area included CBRE Group,[69] Oxford Development,[70] RIDC[71] and Jones Lang Lasalle.[72]

On August 13, 2013, the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette reported that the H. J. Heinz Company would lay off 350 office employees who work in the Pittsburgh area. After the layoff, the company will still have approximately 800 employees in the Pittsburgh area.[73]

2014 news

edit

Work is underway for an innovation roadmap for the city.[74]

References

edit
  1. ^   This article incorporates public domain material from Barack Obama. Statement by the President on G-20 Summit in Pittsburgh. The White House Office of the Press Secretary. Retrieved September 8, 2009.
  2. ^ Tara Weiss (January 5, 2009). "Ten Cities For Job Growth In 2009". Forbes.com.
  3. ^ "All Cities Rankings – 2009 New Geography Best Cities for Job Growth", New Geography
  4. ^ "Information about Pittsburgh"
  5. ^ a b c "Pittsburgh: History - Early History, French And British Vie For Strategic Location". Retrieved August 12, 2016.
  6. ^ Hazo, Samuel. (1986). The Pittsburgh That Starts with You. p. 15.
  7. ^ Skrabec, Quentin Jr. (2009). H.J. Heinz: a biography. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-7864-4178-5.
  8. ^ a b "Carnegie Corporation of New York: Biography". Archived from the original on December 28, 2009. Retrieved April 14, 2010.
  9. ^ a b "Key events in Pittsburgh History". Archived from the original on March 18, 2008. Retrieved August 12, 2016.
  10. ^ "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - Google News Archive Search". Retrieved August 12, 2016.
  11. ^ "Pittsburgh: History – Early History, French And British Vie For Strategic Location". City-data.com. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
  12. ^ Goldner, Cheri. "The Homestead Strike 1892" Spring, 1997 [1] Archived February 13, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - Google News Archive Search". Retrieved August 12, 2016.
  14. ^ "U.S. Steel National Tube Works, Along Monongahela River, McKeesport, Allegheny County, PA". Loc.gov. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
  15. ^ a b JONATHAN P. HICKS, Special to the New York Times (February 5, 1987). "USX TO SHUT 3 PLANTS, CUT 3,700 JOBS – New York Times". The New York Times. Saxonburg (Pa); Orem (Utah); Mckeesport (Pa). Retrieved February 10, 2014.
  16. ^ Directory of Iron and Steel Works of the United States and Canada. May 19, 2011. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
  17. ^ "The Daily Reporter - Google News Archive Search". Retrieved August 12, 2016.
  18. ^ "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - Google News Archive Search". Retrieved August 12, 2016.
  19. ^ explorepahistory.com
  20. ^ "Observer-Reporter - Google News Archive Search". Retrieved August 12, 2016.
  21. ^ "Homestead Steel Works". Riversofsteel.com. Archived from the original on March 9, 2016. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
  22. ^ "Town rejects $3 million trick 'r treat by cheeky sheik (October 31, 1982)". Retrieved August 12, 2016.
  23. ^ "The Pittsburgh Press - Google News Archive Search". Retrieved August 12, 2016.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h "Beaver County Times - Google News Archive Search". Retrieved August 12, 2016.
  25. ^ "The Pittsburgh Press - Google News Archive Search". Retrieved August 12, 2016.
  26. ^ "The Pittsburgh Press - Google News Archive Search". News.Google.com. p. 119. Retrieved April 9, 2017.
  27. ^ a b http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/Portal/Communities/BHP/MPDFs/Historic_Aluminum_Resources_of_Southwestern_PA.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  28. ^ "Pittsburgh". Encyclopædia. 2008. Retrieved November 6, 2008.
  29. ^ "Search Results". Retrieved August 12, 2016.
  30. ^ "The Pittsburgh Press - Google News Archive Search". Retrieved August 12, 2016.
  31. ^ "The Pittsburgh Press - Google News Archive Search". Retrieved August 12, 2016.
  32. ^ a b Watkins, Thayer. "The History of the Economy of Pittsburgh"
  33. ^ "United States History: 1877 to the Present". PWNet.org. Archived from the original on May 13, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2017.
  34. ^ U.S. Government. "The Wagner Act of 1935" Archived April 15, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Published in 1935
  35. ^ "RIDC Who we are". Archived from the original on November 2, 2013. Retrieved November 4, 2013.
  36. ^ "RIDC What we do". Archived from the original on November 2, 2013. Retrieved November 4, 2013.
  37. ^ Woolcock, Stephen. "The International Politics of Trade and Production in the Steel Industry": Chapter 3 in: Pinder, John ed. (Edr) (1982). National industrial strategies and the world economy (An Atlantic Institute for International Affairs research volume) Croom Helm. ISBN 0-86598-040-3, ISBN 978-0-86598-040-2 [2].
  38. ^ "Pittsburgh: History - Early History, French And British Vie For Strategic Location". City-Data.com. Retrieved April 9, 2017.
  39. ^ "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - Google News Archive Search". Retrieved August 12, 2016.
  40. ^ "The Digs: Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - "Mad Men of Pittsburgh" Pittsburgh was never New..." Retrieved August 12, 2016.
  41. ^ "The Pittsburgh Press - Google News Archive Search". Retrieved August 12, 2016.
  42. ^ "Beaver County Times - Google News Archive Search". Retrieved August 12, 2016.
  43. ^ Pennsylvania. Office of Employment Security.(1982). Harrisburg : Pennsylvania Dept. of Labor and Industry, Office of Employment Security.
  44. ^ "State of the economy in Pittsburgh and Southwestern Pennsylvania". Retrieved August 12, 2016.
  45. ^ "Error - Page Not Found" (PDF). Retrieved August 12, 2016. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)[permanent dead link‍]
  46. ^ oilandgasinvestor.com
  47. ^ "Developing Unconventional Gas (DUG) East Conference Moves Location to Acommodate [sic] More Attendees". Archived from the original on September 14, 2016. Retrieved August 12, 2016.
  48. ^ "PITTSBURGH METROPOLITAN AREA JOB COUNT: MARCH 2009". United States Department of Labor: Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
  49. ^ "'Allegheny County Department of Economic Development, PRA ', November 2011". Archived from the original on October 8, 2015. Retrieved February 17, 2013.
  50. ^ "Thomas Olson, Tribune Review "Pittsburgh-area economy endures recession better than other markets", June 28, 2009". Archived from the original on November 22, 2009. Retrieved April 14, 2010.
  51. ^ Briem, Christopher (December 30, 2011). "More Pittsburgh real estate trends". Nullspace. Retrieved January 1, 2012.
  52. ^ "Learning Disabilities Association of America — About Us". Ldaamerica.org. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
  53. ^ "Contact Us". IRETA. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
  54. ^ "National Center for Juvenile Justice – Contact Us". Ncjj.org. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
  55. ^ City Data.com, Allegheny County Department of Economic Development. "Pittsburgh: Economy"
  56. ^ Streitfeld, David (January 7, 2009). "For Pittsburgh, There's Life After Steel". The New York Times. Retrieved November 17, 2009.
  57. ^ "MetroMonitor: Tracking Economic Recession and Recovery in America's 100 Largest Metropolitan Areas". Brookings Institution. September 2009. Retrieved November 17, 2009.
  58. ^ Harold D. Miller (December 7, 2008). "Pittsburgh's Future: Why Is Pittsburgh's Economy Doing Better Than the Rest of the Country?". PittsburghFuture.Blogspot.com. Retrieved April 9, 2017.
  59. ^ Cohn, Bob (April 16, 2014). "Former Pitt captain Cavanaugh blazes trail as entrepreneur". TribLIVE.com. Retrieved December 9, 2017.
  60. ^ a b "Three Reasons Why Pittsburgh Is Perfect for The Pittsburgh Summit 2009" (PDF). Pittsburgh Regional Alliance. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 25, 2010. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
  61. ^ "Allegheny Places". Retrieved November 6, 2010.
  62. ^ a b c "Allegheny Places Economic Development Plan" (PDF). Retrieved November 6, 2010.
  63. ^ "Enterprise Zones:Cure for Urban Ills?". Forum for Applied Research and Public Policy. 10: 101–106. 1995.
  64. ^ Wilder, Margaret G.; Rubin, Barry M. (1996). "Rhetoric Versus Reality: A Review of Studies on State Enterprise Zone Programs". Journal of the American Planning Association. 62 (4): 473–485. doi:10.1080/01944369608975713.
  65. ^ "Empowerment Zones: Who's Minding the Store?". Congressional Quarterly Weekly: 2809. 2004.
  66. ^ Blakely, Edward J.; Leigh, Nancey Green (2010). Planning Local Economic Development: Theory and Practice. Los Angeles: Sage.
  67. ^ Chetty, Raj; Hendren, Nathaniel; Kline, Patrick; Saez, Emmanuel (January 2014). "Where Is The Land Of Opportunity? The Geography Of Intergenerational Mobility In The United States" (PDF). NBER Working Paper Series (Working Paper 19843). National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper: 67. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2014. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
  68. ^ Scully, M.S. (January 24, 2014). "Pittsburgh #2: Top 10 cities to achieve the American Dream". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Archived from the original on January 27, 2014. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
  69. ^ Pravlik, Melissa (March 29, 2013), "CBRE", Pittsburgh Business Times, Pittsburgh, PA, p. 5
  70. ^ Pravlik, Melissa (March 29, 2013), "Oxford Development", Pittsburgh Business Times, Pittsburgh, PA, p. 4
  71. ^ Pravlik, Melissa (March 29, 2013), "RIDC", Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, PA, p. 3
  72. ^ Pravlik, Melissa (March 29, 2013), "Jones Lang Lasalle", Pittsburgh Business Times, Pittsburgh, PA, p. 2
  73. ^ Teresa F. Lindeman, "New Heinz owners cut 600 jobs -- including 350 in Pittsburgh", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 13, 2013. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
  74. ^ "Work underway on Pittsburgh's Innovation Roadmap - Pittsburgh Business Times". Retrieved August 12, 2016.

Sources

edit
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Pittsburgh&oldid=1245843863"