Ectobacillus is a genus of Gram-positive (with the exception of Ectobacillus funiculus, which is Gram-negative), rod-shaped bacteria in the family Bacillaceae within the order Bacillales.[1][2] The type species for this genus is Ectobacillus panaciterrae.[3]
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| Genus: | Ectobacillus Gupta et al. 2020
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Ectobacillus is composed of species originally belonging to the genus Bacillus. The genus Bacillus comprises a large number of phylogenetically unrelated bacteria species with a diverse range of biochemical characteristics.[4][5] The polyphyletic nature of the genus is partly due to the vague criteria used to assign species to this genus (ie. accepting all species that are able to form endospores in aerobic conditions).[6] Comparative genomic analyses and phylogenetic studies have set out to clarify the complex taxonomic relationship of this genus, resulting in the transfer of many species into novel genera such as Virgibacillus, Solibacillus, Brevibacillus and Alteribacter.[7][8][9][1] In addition, the genus Bacillus has been restricted to include only species closely related to Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus.[10][1]
The name Ectobacillus is derived from its taxonomic position in relation to Bacillus. The prefix "ecto-" (which comes from the Greek preposition ecto, and translates to "outside") and the suffix "-bacillus" (which comes from the Latin noun Bacillus, referring to a rod or small staff, as well as Bacillus, a bacterial genus) come together to form the name Ectobacillus, meaning "outside of Bacillus".[1]
Biochemical Characteristics and Molecular Signatures
editMembers of the genus Ectobacillus can be aerobic or facultatively anaerobic. They all are endospore-forming and some members are motile cells. Ectobacillus can survive in temperatures ranging from 15°C to 45°C, but optimal growth occurs in the range of 28-35°C.[1]
Analyses of genome sequences from Ectobacillus have identified five conserved signature indels (CSIs) that are exclusive for Ectobacillus species in the proteins 3-isopropylmalate dehydratase small subunit, bacillithiol biosynthesis deacetylase BshB1, aldo or keto reductase, MBL fold metallo-hydrolase, and CYTH domain-containing protein. These CSIs can be used to demarcate Ectobacillus from other Bacillceae genera in molecular terms.[1]
Taxonomy
editAs of May 2021, there are a total of 4 species with validly published names in the genus Ectobacillus.[3] Members of this clade were found to group together in a monophyletic branch in various phylogenetic trees constructed on conserved genome sequences and 16S rRNA sequences.[1] This branching pattern could also be seen in the Genome Taxonomy Database (GTDB), further supporting this classification.[11]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g Gupta, Radhey S.; Patel, Sudip; Saini, Navneet; Chen, Shu (2020-11-01). "Robust demarcation of 17 distinct Bacillus species clades, proposed as novel Bacillaceae genera, by phylogenomics and comparative genomic analyses: description of Robertmurraya kyonggiensis sp. nov. and proposal for an emended genus Bacillus limiting it only to the members of the Subtilis and Cereus clades of species". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 70 (11): 5753–5798. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004475. ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 33112222.
- ^ Brenner, Don J.; Krieg, Noel R.; Staley, James T.; Garrity, George M.; Boone, David R.; De Vos, Paul; Goodfellow, Michael; Rainey, Fred A.; Schleifer, Karl-Heinz, eds. (2005). Bergey's Manual® of Systematic Bacteriology. doi:10.1007/0-387-28022-7. ISBN 978-0-387-24144-9.
- ^ a b "Genus: Ectobacillus". lpsn.dsmz.de. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
- ^ Logan, N.A. (2011-12-20). "Bacillus and relatives in foodborne illness". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 112 (3): 417–429. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05204.x. ISSN 1364-5072. PMID 22121830.
- ^ La Duc, Myron T; Satomi, Masataka; Agata, Norio; Venkateswaran, Kasthuri (March 2004). "gyrB as a phylogenetic discriminator for members of the Bacillus anthracis–cereus–thuringiensis group". Journal of Microbiological Methods. 56 (3): 383–394. doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2003.11.004. ISSN 0167-7012. PMID 14967230.
- ^ Ash, Carol; Farrow, J.A.E.; Wallbanks, Sally; Collins, M.D. (2008-06-28). "Phylogenetic heterogeneity of the genus Bacillus revealed by comparative analysis of small-subunit-ribosomal RNA sequences". Letters in Applied Microbiology. 13 (4): 202–206. doi:10.1111/j.1472-765x.1991.tb00608.x. ISSN 0266-8254. S2CID 82988953.
- ^ Heyndrickx, M.; Lebbe, L.; Kersters, K.; Hoste, B.; De Wachter, R.; De Vos, P.; Forsyth, G.; Logan, N. A. (1999-07-01). "Proposal of Virgibacillus proomii sp. nov. and emended description of Virgibacillus pantothenticus (Proom and Knight 1950) Heyndrickx et al. 1998". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 49 (3): 1083–1090. doi:10.1099/00207713-49-3-1083. ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 10425765.
- ^ Shida, O.; Takagi, H.; Kadowaki, K.; Komagata, K. (1996-10-01). "Proposal for Two New Genera, Brevibacillus gen. nov. and Aneurinibacillus gen. nov". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 46 (4): 939–946. doi:10.1099/00207713-46-4-939. ISSN 0020-7713. PMID 8863420.
- ^ Mual, Poonam; Singh, Nitin Kumar; Verma, Ashish; Schumann, Peter; Krishnamurthi, Srinivasan; Dastager, Syed; Mayilraj, Shanmugam (2016-05-01). "Reclassification of Bacillus isronensis Shivaji et al. 2009 as Solibacillus isronensis comb. nov. and emended description of genus Solibacillus Krishnamurthi et al. 2009". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 66 (5): 2113–2120. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.000982. ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 26907585.
- ^ Patel, Sudip; Gupta, Radhey S. (2020-01-01). "A phylogenomic and comparative genomic framework for resolving the polyphyly of the genus Bacillus: Proposal for six new genera of Bacillus species, Peribacillus gen. nov., Cytobacillus gen. nov., Mesobacillus gen. nov., Neobacillus gen. nov., Metabacillus gen. nov. and Alkalihalobacillus gen. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 70 (1): 406–438. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.003775. ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 31617837.
- ^ "GTDB - Tree". gtdb.ecogenomic.org. Retrieved 2021-05-25.