General elections were held in Ecuador on 17 February 2013 to elect the President, the National Assembly, Provincial Assemblies and members of the Andean Parliament.[1] The incumbent President Rafael Correa was re-elected by a wide margin.[2] Correa's closest electoral rival, Guillermo Lasso, conceded the election shortly after it concluded.
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The vote had been set for January 2013, but was put back a month to allow a full year to elapse after the reform of election rules.[3]
This was the first election since 1996 held after the natural expiration of a four-year presidential term. This was due to a decade of political and economical instability that Ecuador experienced after Abdalá Bucaram was impeached by the former Congress, in late 1997, and that lasted until Correa's inauguration in early 2007.[4]
Background
editThe call for general elections occurred on 18 October 2012. The election campaigns were officially launched on 4 January and ended on 14 February, as announced by CNE member Juan Pablo Pozo.[5]
Voters chose the president and vice president of the Republic, as well as national and provincial assembly members, members of the Andean Parliament, mayors, prefects, and other sectional officials.[6]
The seated President Correa, a two-term incumbent, is credited with bringing stability and prosperity to Ecuador's nearly 15 million people. A staunch friend of Venezuela's Hugo Chavez, he is usually described as "leftist" and "socialist." He is committed to poverty reduction through not just economic growth, but redistribution of wealth as well. As he told the CELAC Summit in 2015: "For the first time in the history of humanity this poverty is no longer due to a lack of resources, but rather is the fruit of inequality, and this, in turn, the product of perverse relations of power, where few have it all and many have nothing at all.”[7] This approach has generated fervent support as well as hostility from wealthy sectors in Ecuador; for example, his land reform policies for giving unproductive land to poor peasants has worried agribusiness, particularly the large flower and banana producers. He has vastly expanded the number of workers on the public sector and made health and education free for all Ecuadorians. Some have argued that Correa has clamped down on dissent in the country's news media, although journalists in Ecuador are not risking their lives as they are in other countries of the region.[8][9] His government has run record-high deficits. In 2009, Correa became the first president of Ecuador to win re-election in nearly a half-century.[10]
Democracy Code
editIn late 2012, Ecuador's Constitutional Court (CC) ruled on the adoption of the Democracy Code by a 6 to 3 vote in favor. The new resolution made the D'Hondt method of voting constitutional; therefore it was applied in the 2013 elections. The resolution also states that legal restrictions on the work of journalists during elections are unconstitutional.[11]
Presidential elections
editCandidates
editEight presidential candidates were registered in the National Electoral Council.[12] The candidates were: Rafael Correa of the PAIS Alliance movement, Guillermo Lasso of the Creating Opportunities movement, Lucio Gutiérrez of the PSP party, Alberto Acosta Espinoza, candidate of the Coordinating Committee of the Left, Norman Wray, of the Ruptura 25 movement, Nelson Zavala, of the Roldosist Party, Mauricio Rodas, of the SUMA movement, and Álvaro Noboa, of PRIAN.[13]
Restrictions of the candidate's qualifications
editThe National Electoral Council (Spanish-language initials, CNE) approved the regulations for the registration and qualification of candidates running for President, Vice President, Assembly and the Andean Parliament for the election. The regulations established that candidates who have contracts with the State or have received final judgments for offenses penalized with imprisonment such as bribery, illicit enrichment and embezzlement, would not be allowed to participate.[14]
Parliamentary elections
editEcuadorians not only voted on 17 February for their president and vice-president, but as well as for 137 members of the national assembly; drawn from provinces, a national list, and six migrant spots, and for their five Andean Parliament representatives.[15]
Opinion polls
editSurveys generally attributed between 50% and 60% of the votes to President Correa. The seven other candidates lagged far behind; Correa's nearest rival, Guillermo Lasso, was credited with 10—20% of the vote.[16]
| Date | Institute | Correa | Lasso | Gutiérrez | Acosta | Noboa | Rodas | Wray | Zavala |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 03/08/10 | CEDATOS | 38% | – | 19% | – | 2.9% | – | – | – |
| 22/10/11 | CEDATOS | 40% | 2.6% | 5% | – | 3.1% | – | – | – |
| 13/11/11 | Perfiles de Opinión | 48.9% | – | 3.5% | 6.9% | 3.6% | – | – | – |
| 16/03/12 | CMS | 48.56% | 4.60% | 8.09% | – | 6.98% | 0.52% | – | – |
| 14/04/12 | Opinión Pública | 39% | – | 6% | – | 3% | – | – | – |
| 29/04/12 | Perfiles de Opinión | 50% | 1% | 4% | 4% | 3% | – | – | – |
| 31/05/12 | Perfiles de Opinión | 52% | 6% | 3% | 2% | 4% | 1% | – | – |
| 15/07/12 | Informe Confidencial | 50% | 17% | 8% | 3% | 4% | 1% | – | – |
| 04/08/12 | Opinión Pública | 43% | 7% | 5% | 2% | 4% | – | – | – |
| 05/08/12 | Perfiles de Opinión | 53.4% | 14.4% | 3.3% | 4.9% | 6.7% | – | – | – |
| 16/08/12 | CMS | 41.75% | 15.82% | 8.22% | 6.55% | 5.72% | – | – | – |
| 18/08/12 | Opinión Pública | 44% | 8% | 4% | 2% | 3% | – | – | – |
| 27/08/12 | CEDATOS | 38% | 11% | 6% | 4% | 3% | – | – | – |
| 08/09/12 | Opinión Pública | 44% | 9% | 5% | 2% | 2% | 0% | – | – |
| 16/09/12 | Informe Confidencial | 48% | 18% | 8% | 5% | 4% | – | – | – |
| 18/09/12 | CMS | 48% | 10% | 6% | – | 2% | – | – | – |
| 26/09/12 | Perfiles de Opinión | 55.5% | 11.4% | 6.5% | 3.8% | 2.7% | 0.2% | – | – |
| 30/09/12 | Perfiles de Opinión | 61.7% | 12.6% | 3.6% | 2.6% | 1.8% | – | – | – |
| 07/10/12 | CEDATOS | 44% | 18% | 6.9% | 6.5% | 2.3% | – | – | – |
| 09/10/12 | CMS | 47.08% | 11.03% | 3.43% | 4.54% | 2.57% | – | – | – |
| 15/10/12 | CIEES | 51% | 13% | 8% | 7% | 5% | 1% | – | – |
| 22/10/12 | Market | 38% | 24% | 11% | 3% | 4% | – | – | – |
| 27/10/12 | Opinión Pública | 54% | 16% | 5% | 4% | – | – | – | – |
| 30/10/12 | Market | 40.20% | 23.19% | 15.02% | 6.40% | 4.31% | – | – | – |
| 31/10/12 | CEDATOS | 46% | 19% | 8% | 7% | 2% | – | – | – |
| 10/11/12 | Opinión Pública | 50.5% | 15.2% | 4.6% | 3.2% | 2.4% | 0.3% | 0.1% | – |
| 14/11/12 | Market | 39% | 25% | 13% | 6% | 2% | – | – | – |
| 19/11/12 | Perfiles de Opinión | 56% | 15% | 7% | 4% | 3% | – | – | – |
| 28/11/12 | Opinión Pública | 51.2% | 14.9% | 5.4% | 3.7% | 1.8% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.1% |
| 29/11/12 | CEDATOS | 53% | 22% | 10% | 8% | 2% | 1% | 2% | 2% |
| 01/12/12 | Opinión Pública | 51.2% | 13.8% | 3.1% | 4.7% | 2.2% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.4% |
| 14/12/12 | Perfiles de Opinión | 62.8% | 10.7% | 4.1% | 2.8% | 2.1% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.2% |
| 15/12/12 | Opinión Pública | 51.2% | 14.7% | 6% | 3.5% | 3.6% | 0.7% | 0.9% | 0.2% |
| 21/12/12 | Perfiles de Opinión | 60.6% | 11.2% | 4.5% | 3.5% | 1.8% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.2% |
| 06/01/13 | CIEES | 53.3% | 14.95% | 8.85% | 2.4% | 8.45% | 0.55% | 0.2% | 0.35% |
| 10/01/13 | Opinión Pública | 56.7% | 12.1% | 4.4% | 3.4% | 2% | 0.5% | 0.3% | 0.6% |
| 13/01/13 | CMS | 47.65% | 7.98% | 1.44% | 1.57% | 0.80% | 0.42% | 0.40% | 0.34% |
| 18/01/13 | Market | 49% | 18% | 12% | 6% | 4% | 1% | 2% | 2% |
| 23/01/13 | Perfiles de Opinión | 63% | 9% | 4% | 2% | 2% | 1% | 1% | 1% |
| 26/01/13 | Opinión Pública | 55.9% | 12.9% | 5.2% | 4.4% | 2.3% | 1.9% | 1.3% | 0.6% |
| 02/02/13 | CIEES | 53.1% | 19.5% | 6.9% | 5.2% | 4.3% | 2.1% | 2.7% | 3% |
| 05/02/13 | El Comercio ARCOP Archived 8 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine | 37.5% | 29.5% | 6.5% | 4.5% | 2% | 1.5% | 0% | 1% |
| 06/02/13 | CMS | 48.18% | 9.98% | 2.05% | 1.87% | 0.85% | 1.36% | 0.53% | 0.36% |
| 07/02/13 | Perfiles de Opinión | 61.5% | 9.2% | 3.8% | 2.5% | 1.6% | 1.3% | 0.6% | 0.6% |
| 16/02/13 | Market | 64.1% | 16.4% | 7.3% | 4.5% | 3.6% | 2.5% | 0.8% | 0.9% |
| 17/02/13 | CEDATOS | 61.5% | 20.9% | 6.0% | 2.9% | 3.5% | 3.1% | 1.0% | 1.1% |
| 17/02/13 | CIEES | 58.8% | 23.1% | 5.5% | 3.0% | 3.6% | 3.3% | 1.4% | 1.3% |
Results
editPresident
edit| Candidate | Running mate | Party | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rafael Correa | Jorge Glas | PAIS Alliance | 4,918,482 | 57.17 | |
| Guillermo Lasso | Juan Carlos Solines | Creating Opportunities | 1,951,102 | 22.68 | |
| Lucio Gutiérrez | Pearl Boyes Fuller | Patriotic Society Party | 578,875 | 6.73 | |
| Mauricio Rodas | Inés Manzano | SUMA Party | 335,532 | 3.90 | |
| Álvaro Noboa | Anabella Azín | Institutional Renewal Party of National Action | 319,956 | 3.72 | |
| Alberto Acosta Espinosa | Marcia Caicedo | Plurinational Unity of the Lefts | 280,539 | 3.26 | |
| Norman Wray | Ángela Mendoza | Ruptura 25 | 112,525 | 1.31 | |
| Nelson Zavala | Denny Cevallos | Ecuadorian Roldosist Party | 105,592 | 1.23 | |
| Total | 8,602,603 | 100.00 | |||
| Valid votes | 8,602,603 | 90.88 | |||
| Invalid/blank votes | 863,257 | 9.12 | |||
| Total votes | 9,465,860 | 100.00 | |||
| Registered voters/turnout | 11,675,441 | 81.07 | |||
| Source: CNE | |||||
National Assembly
edit| Party | Votes | % | Seats | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| National | Provincial | Overseas | Total | +/– | ||||
| PAIS Alliance | 45,955,995 | 52.30 | 8 | 86 | 6 | 100 | +41 | |
| Creating Opportunities | 10,032,804 | 11.42 | 2 | 9 | 0 | 11 | New | |
| Social Christian Party | 7,901,315 | 8.99 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 6 | –5 | |
| January 21 Patriotic Society Party | 4,955,320 | 5.64 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 5 | –14 | |
| Plurinational Unity of the Lefts | 4,151,000 | 4.72 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 5 | –4 | |
| Ecuadorian Roldosist Party | 3,960,188 | 4.51 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | –2 | |
| SUMA Party | 2,829,034 | 3.22 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | New | |
| Institutional Renewal Party of National Action | 2,640,181 | 3.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | –7 | |
| Advance | 2,568,156 | 2.92 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 5 | New | |
| Ruptura 25 | 2,179,383 | 2.48 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | |
| Socialist Party – Broad Front of Ecuador | 698,829 | 0.80 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | –1 | |
| Independents and regionalists | – | 3 | 0 | 3 | – | |||
| Total | 87,872,205 | 100.00 | 15 | 116 | 6 | 137 | 0 | |
| Valid votes | 7,359,921 | 77.93 | ||||||
| Invalid/blank votes | 2,083,795 | 22.07 | ||||||
| Total votes | 9,443,716 | 100.00 | ||||||
| Registered voters/turnout | 11,675,441 | 80.89 | ||||||
| Source: CNE | ||||||||
Andean Parliament
edit| Party | Votes | % | Seats | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PAIS Alliance | 15,806,821 | 52.97 | 4 | |
| Creating Opportunities | 4,350,969 | 14.58 | 1 | |
| Social Christian Party | 2,271,754 | 7.61 | 0 | |
| Patriotic Society Party | 1,886,932 | 6.32 | 0 | |
| Plurinational Unity of the Lefts | 1,496,165 | 5.01 | 0 | |
| Institutional Renewal Party of National Action | 1,241,503 | 4.16 | 0 | |
| Advance | 1,096,088 | 3.67 | 0 | |
| Ecuadorian Roldosist Party | 937,878 | 3.14 | 0 | |
| Ruptura 25 | 754,041 | 2.53 | 0 | |
| Total | 29,842,151 | 100.00 | 5 | |
| Valid votes | 7,159,457 | 75.63 | ||
| Invalid/blank votes | 2,306,374 | 24.37 | ||
| Total votes | 9,465,831 | 100.00 | ||
| Registered voters/turnout | 11,675,441 | 81.07 | ||
| Source: CNE | ||||
Reactions
editBanker Guillermo Lasso, the runner-up in the vote, conceded his defeat in broad terms, by stating: “I recognise the triumph of President Correa.”[10] Thousands of Correa's backers celebrated in Quito's main square just after the polls closed. Speaking from the balcony of the Presidential Palace, Correa thanked them for their "immense trust.” [17]
References
edit- ^ "To present, 85 institutions are authorized by the National Electoral Council to issue publications | ANDES". Archived from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2012.
- ^ Neuman, William (17 February 2013). "President Correa Handily Wins Re-election in Ecuador". The New York Times.
- ^ "Ecuador's presidential election set for February 2013". Reuters. 24 February 2012.[dead link]
- ^ "Los 7 años de Correa en Ecuador: estabilidad en medio de éxitos y críticas" 17 January 2014. La República
- ^ "Ecuador will convene for elections on October 18 | ANDES". Archived from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
- ^ "Ecuador Times - CNE Introduced 2013 Election Calendar". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
- ^ "Nothing2Hide – Just another WordPress site".
- ^ Garcia, Eduardo (18 February 2013). "Ecuador's re-elected Correa vows media and land reforms". Reuters. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
- ^ Associated Press in Quito (18 February 2013). "Ecuador's President Rafael Correa says citizens will be in charge, not money | World news | guardian.co.uk". London: Guardian. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
- ^ a b Gill, Nathan. "Ecuador Re-Elects Correa on Vow to Spend Amid Record Deficit". Bloomberg. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
- ^ "Constitutional Court resolves Democracy Code | EcuadorTimes.net | Breaking News, Ecuador News, World, Sports, Entertainment". Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
- ^ "The electoral race for votes starts today | EcuadorTimes.net | Breaking News, Ecuador News, World, Sports, Entertainment". Archived from the original on 7 January 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
- ^ "On the road and in meetings, eight candidates begin their race for the Ecuadorian presidency | ANDES". Archived from the original on 23 March 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
- ^ "CNE issues new restrictions for candidates qualification | EcuadorTimes.net | Breaking News, Ecuador News, World, Sports, Entertainment". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
- ^ Ecuador: Correa launches re-election campaign, socialists give critical support | Green Left Weekly
- ^ Rafael Correa's new challenge
- ^ Neuman, William (18 February 2013). "Rafael Correa Wins Re-election in Ecuador". The New York Times.