Edward Lincoln Hoffman (1884–1970) was a United States Army Air Service (USAAS) pilot, officer and Engineering Division Chief at McCook Field. With no parachute experience, he formed a team that included aviation pioneers Leslie Irvin and James Floyd Smith which developed the first modern parachute. The 1926 Collier Trophy was awarded to Major E. L. Hoffman, Air Corps for "development of a practical parachute;" the year's greatest achievement in American aviation.[2][3]
Edward Lincoln Hoffman | |
|---|---|
 Calvin Coolidge (left) presenting the 1926 Collier Trophy to Edward L. Hoffman (right). Secretary of War Dwight Davis stands in the center.[1] | |
| Born | Edward Lincoln Hoffman December 17, 1884 |
| Died | October 6, 1970 (aged 85) |
| Nationality |  United States of America |
| Occupation | Army Officer (1911-1937) |
| Employer | United States Army Air Service |
| Known for | first practicable parachute |
| Spouse | Ruth (born Abt. 1891 in Nebraska) |
| Parent(s) | William Hoffman Mary E. Aearn |
| Awards | Collier Trophy (1926) |
Early life
editBorn to American Civil War veteran William Hoffman and his wife Mary E Aearn[citation needed] on 17 December 1884 at Fort Slocum, Davids Island, New Rochelle, New York. Edward L. Hoffman after enlisting in the infantry 21 July 1909, commissioned as an officer on 9 October 1911. In 1917 he transferred to the Aviation Section, Signal Corps with assignment as Engineering Division Chief at McCook Field.[4] As Chief, Hoffman's division worked on all aspects of aviation including parachutes, bombsights, and aerial refueling.[5]
Parachute testing
editIn September 1918, General Billy Mitchell directed that a team evaluate available parachutes and identify the best chute. Mitchell picked Glenn Martin test pilot and former flying circus daredevil Floyd Smith. Smith added motor mechanic Guy M. Ball to his two man team.[6] After the WWI Armistice, Smith's team came under command of Major Hoffman who formed the Parachute Board adding several other civilians including: Floyd Smith, Guy Ball, show-jumper Harry Eibe, Army parachutist Sgt Ralph Bottreil, engineers James M. Russell and James J. Higgins. The newly reorganized team tested 17 parachute designs including: static line designs of Broadwick, Stevens, Ors, Kiefer Kline, Otto Heinecke, Leslie Irvin, Omaha Tent Company, and Floyd Smith.[6] The first tests, using dummies, favored Floyd Smith's parachute design. This winning design was further developed and merged key features into the "Type A" parachute: a soft pack worn on the back; a rip cord to deploy the parachute; and a spring assisted pilot chute to aid in main parachute deployment.[citation needed] Conservative Major Hoffman and others believed the free-fall was dangerous and that a jumper might blackout before pulling the ripcord. Aerial circus jumpers Floyd Smith and Leslie Irvin convinced Hoffman to test the Type A with Irvin volunteering to jump and Smith piloting the test.[6]
First free-fall jump
editOn 28 April 1919 using the "Type A" 28 foot backpack parachute, volunteer Leslie Irvin, flying in a Smith piloted de Havilland DH9 biplane at 100 mph and 1500 feet above the ground, jumped (with a backup chute strapped to his chest) and manually pulled the ripcord fully deploying his chute at 1000 feet.[7] Irvin became the first American to jump from an airplane and manually open a parachute in midair. The new chute performed flawlessly, though Irvin broke his ankle on landing. Floyd Smith filed the Type A patent No. 1,462,456 on the same day.[8][9] [10]
After Irvin's successful first jump, the team lined up to jump the Type A starting with Floyd Smith, then in order Russell, Higgins, and Bottreil. With over 500 static line jumps, Sgt Ralph Bottreil became the first US serviceman to free-fall jump with the Type A chute and was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross.[11]
The Parachute Board determined the backpack chute was crowding the cockpit, a redesign moved the parachute down the pilots back becoming the "seat style" chute.[12] Hoffman's team tested the Type A parachute with over 1000 jumps. These successful tests resulted in the Army requiring parachute use on all Air Service flights. Hoffman developed the US Army specifications and drawings for this parachute, which the Army Air Service placed an order for 300 parachutes from the lowest bidder: Irvin's Irving Air Chute Company. After losing a patient dispute to Floyd Smith with zero compensation due to US Government parachute orders, the US Government compensated Smith with $3500 to transfer his patient to Irvin's company.[9]
The original 1919 Type A ripcord parachute is on display at the Air Force Museum at Dayton, Ohio.[citation needed] An early brochure[13] of the Irving Air Chute Company credits William O'Connor 24 August 1920 at McCook Field as the first person to be saved by an Irving parachute, yet this was unrecognized. On 20 October 1922, Lieutenant Harold R. Harris, chief of the McCook Field Flying Station, jumped from a disabled Loening PW-2A high wing monoplane fighter. Harris' lifesaving chute was mounted on the wall of McCook's parachute lab where the Dayton Herald's aviation editor Maurice Hutton and photographer Verne Timmerman, predicting more jumps in future, suggested that a club should be formed. Two years later, Irvin's company instituted the Caterpillar Club, awarding a gold pin to pilots who successfully bailed out of disabled aircraft using an Irving parachute.[10] In 1922 Leslie Irvin agreed to give a gold pin to every person whose life was saved by one of his parachutes. At the end of World War II the number of members with the Irvin pins had grown to over 34,000 though the total of people saved by Irvin parachutes is estimated to be 100,000.[14] The Switlik Parachute Company of Trenton, New Jersey issued both gold and silver caterpillar pins.[10]
US President Calvin Coolidge congratulated Major Edward L. Hoffman, Air Corps, on the 1926 Collier Trophy for "development of a practical parachute;" the year's greatest achievement in American aviation.[2][3][1]
Triangle parachute
editOut-growing McCook Field, in 1927 Hoffman's Parachute Board was moved to Wright Field. Renamed the Parachute and Clothing Branch, Hoffman developed the airborne steerable "Triangle Parachute." Hoffman's branch developed large parachutes utilized to slow bombs and even recover or slow aircraft. Eventually this large parachute work was used in space capsule recovery.[12]
After Wright Field, Hoffman became the commander at Lunken Airport in Cincinnati.[4] His patient for the Triangle chute design was awarded but being designed during military duty was free for public use. Hoffman started the Triangle Parachute Company in Cincinnati. The US Army purchased some triangle parachutes but phased them out due to difficulty packing and expense which forced the Triangle Parachute Company to close.[15] [16] On 8 June 1936, Hoffman received a reprimand from the United States Secretary of War George Dern for concealing connections to the Safe Aircraft Inc. and the Triangle Parachute Company in Cincinnati.[17]
On 1 June 1937, retiring as a Lieutenant Colonel, he moved his family to San Diego entering into the parachute manufacturing business with Jimmy Russell forming Hoffman & Russell in 1938. Their new venture developed very large parachutes able to return entire disabled aircraft safely to earth. Together they were awarded a patient to reduce parachute oscillations and they successfully tested a 60 foot diameter parachutes with designs for a 225 foot chute. Ahead of their time, Russell left the partnership to work at Standard Parachute Corporation.[12][15]
Edward L. Hoffman lived with his wife Ruth in San Diego, California where he died on 6 October 1970.
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ a b "Awards and Trophies, Collier (Robert J.) Trophy, 1920s; Coolidge, Calvin; Hoffman, Edward L.. [photograph]". Smithsonian - National Air and Space Museum. Archived from the original on August 13, 2018.
- ^ a b "NAA Collier Trophy List". NAA - National Aeronautic Association.
- ^ a b Kavanaugh-Jones, Helen (2002). Splendid Vision, Unswerving Purpose: Developing Air Power for the United States Air Force During the First Century of Powered Flight. History Office, Aeronautical Systems Center, Air Force Materiel Command. ISBN 9780160675997.
- ^ a b "Collier Trophy Awarded by President". The Cincinnati Enquirer. Cincinnati, Ohio. February 8, 1927. p. 11 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Libbey, James K. (August 31, 2013). Alexander P. de Seversky and the Quest for Air Power. University of Nebraska: Potomac Books, Inc. pp. 64–71. ISBN 978-1-61234-179-8.
- ^ a b c Hearn, Peter (1990). The Sky People A History of Parachuting (First ed.). UK: Airlife. pp. 72–76. ISBN 1-85310-114-1.
- ^ "An Early History of the Parachute". Smithsonian Magazine.
- ^ "Dayton - Miami Valley Inventors and Inventions". Wright State University - University Libraries. Archived from the original on February 27, 2004.
- ^ a b Ladino, Marie. "Pulling the Rip Cord". USPTO.gov. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
- ^ a b c "Milestones".
- ^ Splendid Vision, Unswerving Purpose: Developing Air Power for the United States Air Force During the First Century of Powered Flight. Air Force History and Museums Program. 2002. ISBN 9780160675997. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
- ^ a b c keisel, Kenneth M. (March 14, 2016). Images of Aviation Wright Field (First ed.). Arcadia Publishing. pp. 66–67. ISBN 978-1-4671-1629-9.
- ^ http://home.earthlink.net/~ralphcooper/pimagz17.htm
- ^ Irvin GQ History – Accessed 28 Jan 2011 Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Peck, Wallace R. "San Diego Parachute Manufacturers" (PDF). sandiegohistory.org. Journal of San Diego History. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
- ^ "Lot 292 of 739: Extremely Rare Collier Aviation Trophy". Goldbergcoins.com. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
- ^ "Reprimand Issued by Secretary". No. Page 7. The Cincinnati Enquirer. June 9, 1936. Retrieved July 19, 2020.