Wikipedia

Electoral results for the district of Kiama

Kiama, an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales, had two incarnations, the first from 1859 to 1904, the second from 1981 until the present.[1][2][3][4]

Members

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First incarnation (1859–1904)
Election Member Party
1859   Samuel Gray None
1860
1864 by Henry Parkes
1864
1869
1870 by
1871 by John Stewart
1872
1874 Samuel Charles
1877
1880 by Harman Tarrant
1880
1882
1885
1887 by   Angus Cameron Free Trade
1887
1889 George Fuller
1891
1894   Alexander Campbell Ind. Protectionist
1895   Protectionist
1898
1901   Progressive
 
Second incarnation (1981–present)
Election Member Party
1981   Bill Knott Labor
1984
1986 by Bob Harrison
1988
1991
1995
1999 Matt Brown
2003
2007
2011   Gareth Ward Liberal
2015
2019

Election results

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Elections in the 2020s

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2023

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This section is an excerpt from Results of the 2023 New South Wales state election (Legislative Assembly) § Kiama.[edit]
2023 New South Wales state election: Kiama[5][6][7]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Independent Gareth Ward 20,316 38.79 +38.79
Labor Katelin McInerney 18,010 34.39 +6.19
Liberal Melanie Gibbons 6,301 12.03 −41.56
Greens Tonia Gray 5,833 11.14 −0.74
Sustainable Australia John Gill 1,911 3.65 +0.73
Total formal votes 52,371 96.90 +0.07
Informal votes 1,678 3.10 −0.07
Turnout 54,049 89.82 −1.28
Notional two-party-preferred count
Labor Katelin McInerney 24,564 69.73 +31.74
Liberal Melanie Gibbons 10,665 30.27 −31.74
Two-candidate-preferred result
Independent Gareth Ward 23,018 50.76 +50.76
Labor Katelin McInerney 22,329 49.24 +11.25
Member changed to Independent from Liberal  

Elections in the 2010s

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2019

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This section is an excerpt from Results of the 2019 New South Wales state election (Legislative Assembly) § Kiama.[edit]
2019 New South Wales state election: Kiama [8][9]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Gareth Ward 26,230 53.59 +1.98
Labor Anthony Higgins 13,803 28.20 −3.85
Greens Nina Digiglio 5,815 11.88 +0.83
Christian Democrats John Kadwell 1,671 3.41 +0.26
Sustainable Australia Anne Whatman 1,427 2.92 +2.92
Total formal votes 48,946 96.83 −0.36
Informal votes 1,603 3.17 +0.36
Turnout 50,549 91.10 −1.26
Two-party-preferred result
Liberal Gareth Ward 28,016 62.01 +3.35
Labor Anthony Higgins 17,167 37.99 −3.35
Liberal hold Swing +3.35

2015

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This section is an excerpt from Results of the 2015 New South Wales state election (Legislative Assembly) § Kiama.[edit]
2015 New South Wales state election: Kiama [10][11]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Gareth Ward 24,618 51.6 +8.0
Labor Glenn Kolomeitz 15,288 32.1 +4.4
Greens Terry Barratt 5,271 11.1 +2.2
Christian Democrats Steve Ryan 1,505 3.2 −0.7
No Land Tax Carmel Pellegrini 1,016 2.1 +2.1
Total formal votes 47,698 97.2 −0.0
Informal votes 1,382 2.8 +0.0
Turnout 49,080 92.4 +2.0
Two-party-preferred result
Liberal Gareth Ward 26,114 58.7 +0.1
Labor Glenn Kolomeitz 18,404 41.3 −0.1
Liberal hold Swing +0.1

2011

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This section is an excerpt from Results of the 2011 New South Wales state election (Legislative Assembly) § Kiama.[edit]
2011 New South Wales state election: Kiama[12]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Gareth Ward 19,898 42.5 +12.0
Labor Matt Brown 13,366 28.6 −22.1
Independent Sandra McCarthy 6,009 12.8 +12.8
Greens Ben Van Der Wijngaart 4,126 8.8 +0.2
Christian Democrats Steve Ryan 1,805 3.9 −0.9
Independent Adrian Daly 1,576 3.4 +3.4
Total formal votes 46,780 97.7 −0.2
Informal votes 1,091 2.3 +0.2
Turnout 47,871 94.6 +0.5
Two-party-preferred result
Liberal Gareth Ward 23,030 57.5 +19.4
Labor Matt Brown 17,052 42.5 −19.4
Liberal gain from Labor Swing +19.4

Elections in the 2000s

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2007

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This section is an excerpt from Results of the 2007 New South Wales state election (Legislative Assembly) § Kiama.[edit]
2007 New South Wales state election: Kiama [13]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Matt Brown 21,971 50.7 +4.1
Liberal Ann Sudmalis 13,224 30.5 −2.1
Greens Ben van der Wijngaart 3,759 8.7 −0.6
Christian Democrats John Kadwell 2,082 4.8 +0.6
Fishing Party Garth Bridge 1,680 3.9 +3.9
Against Further Immigration Jack Burnett 645 1.5 +0.7
Total formal votes 43,361 98.0 +0.1
Informal votes 902 2.0 −0.1
Turnout 44,263 94.1
Two-party-preferred result
Labor Matt Brown 24,910 62.0 +3.7
Liberal Ann Sudmalis 15,273 38.0 −3.7
Labor hold Swing +3.7

2003

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This section is an excerpt from Results of the 2003 New South Wales state election (Legislative Assembly) § Kiama.[edit]
2003 New South Wales state election: Kiama [14]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Matt Brown 25,074 56.2 +6.8
Liberal Danielle Jones 11,993 26.9 +5.1
Greens Howard Jones 4,107 9.2 +1.5
Christian Democrats John Kadwell 1,667 3.7 −0.6
One Nation Helga Green 698 1.6 −7.6
Democrats Henry Collier 529 1.2 −2.1
Against Further Immigration Clive Curnow 523 1.2 +0.0
Total formal votes 44,591 97.7 +0.1
Informal votes 1,059 2.3 −0.1
Turnout 45,650 93.9
Two-party-preferred result
Labor Matt Brown 27,208 66.9 −0.8
Liberal Danielle Jones 13,471 33.1 +0.8
Labor hold Swing −0.8

Elections in the 1990s

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1999

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This section is an excerpt from Results of the 1999 New South Wales state election (Legislative Assembly) § Kiama.[edit]
1999 New South Wales state election: Kiama [15]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Matt Brown 20,236 49.4 −7.1
Liberal Charlie Mifsud 8,936 21.8 −9.9
One Nation Dan Orr 3,765 9.2 +9.2
Greens Jim Bradley 3,157 7.7 −3.9
Christian Democrats John Kadwell 1,774 4.3 +4.2
Democrats Henry Collier 1,363 3.3 +3.2
Independent Philip McLeod 1,234 3.0 +3.0
Against Further Immigration John Murray 472 1.2 +1.2
Total formal votes 40,937 97.6 +3.4
Informal votes 1,018 2.4 −3.4
Turnout 41,955 94.7
Two-party-preferred result
Labor Matt Brown 23,048 67.7 +3.1
Liberal Charlie Mifsud 10,995 32.3 −3.1
Labor hold Swing +3.1

1995

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This section is an excerpt from Results of the 1995 New South Wales state election (Legislative Assembly) § Kiama.[edit]
1995 New South Wales state election: Kiama [16]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Bob Harrison 20,385 54.3 +0.7
Liberal Jason Collins 12,814 34.2 +1.4
Greens Karla Sperling 4,319 11.5 +11.5
Total formal votes 37,518 94.3 +4.0
Informal votes 2,275 5.7 −4.0
Turnout 39,793 94.2
Two-party-preferred result
Labor Bob Harrison 22,472 62.2 +0.8
Liberal Jason Collins 13,677 37.8 −0.8
Labor hold Swing +0.8

1991

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This section is an excerpt from Results of the 1991 New South Wales state election (Legislative Assembly) § Kiama.[edit]
1991 New South Wales state election: Kiama [17]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Bob Harrison 16,925 53.6 +3.2
Liberal Phillip Motbey 10,345 32.8 −9.7
Democrats Kerry Sharpe 2,648 8.4 +7.2
Call to Australia Glen Ryan 1,660 5.3 +4.6
Total formal votes 31,578 90.3 −6.4
Informal votes 3,382 9.7 +6.4
Turnout 34,960 94.4
Two-party-preferred result
Labor Bob Harrison 18,524 61.4 +7.8
Liberal Phillip Motbey 11,644 38.6 −7.8
Labor hold Swing +7.8

Elections in the 1980s

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1988

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This section is an excerpt from Results of the 1988 New South Wales state election (Legislative Assembly) § Kiama.[edit]
1988 New South Wales state election: Kiama [18]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Bob Harrison 18,122 61.4 −1.7
Liberal Kevin Baker 11,408 38.6 +1.7
Total formal votes 29,530 96.5 −1.5
Informal votes 1,080 3.5 +1.5
Turnout 30,610 94.6
Labor hold Swing −1.7

1986 by-election

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This section is an excerpt from 1986 Kiama state by-election § Results.[edit]
1986 Kiama by-election
Saturday 1 February [19]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Bob Harrison 16,702 51.8 −6.9
Liberal Clyde Poulton 10,300 32.0 −9.3
Independent Janice Tanner 1,655 5.1
Call to Australia Louise Ollett 1,603 5.0
Marijuana Nicholas Brash 1,268 3.9
Democrats Valeria George 702 2.2
Total formal votes 32,230 98.3
Informal votes 547 1.7
Turnout 32,777 86.2
Labor hold Swing  
Labor Party member Bill Knott resigned.[19]

1984

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This section is an excerpt from Results of the 1984 New South Wales state election (Legislative Assembly) § Kiama.[edit]
1984 New South Wales state election: Kiama [20]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Bill Knott 19,636 58.7 −1.2
Liberal Warren Steel 13,797 41.3 +1.2
Total formal votes 33,433 98.0 −0.9
Informal votes 684 2.0 +0.9
Turnout 34,117 93.3 +1.2
Labor hold Swing −1.2

1981

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This section is an excerpt from Results of the 1981 New South Wales state election (Legislative Assembly) § Kiama.[edit]
1981 New South Wales state election: Kiama [21]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labor Bill Knott 17,951 59.9
Liberal James Chittick 11,995 40.1
Total formal votes 29,946 97.1
Informal votes 906 2.9
Turnout 30,852 92.1
Labor notional hold Swing −2.1

District re-created

1904-1991

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District abolished

1901

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This section is an excerpt from 1901 New South Wales state election § Kiama
1901 New South Wales state election: Kiama [22]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Progressive Alexander Campbell 710 54.4 +2.9
Liberal Reform John Waugh 595 45.6 −2.9
Total formal votes 1,305 100.0 +0.2
Informal votes 0 0.0 −0.2
Turnout 1,305 66.6 −2.2
Progressive hold  

Elections in the 1890s

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1898

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This section is an excerpt from 1898 New South Wales colonial election § Kiama
1898 New South Wales colonial election: Kiama [23]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
National Federal Alexander Campbell 707 51.5
Free Trade George Fuller 665 48.5
Total formal votes 1,372 99.9
Informal votes 2 0.2
Turnout 1,374 68.7
National Federal hold  

1895

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This section is an excerpt from 1895 New South Wales colonial election § Kiama
1895 New South Wales colonial election: Kiama [24]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Protectionist Alexander Campbell 731 55.4
Free Trade John Cole 588 44.6
Total formal votes 1,319 99.3
Informal votes 10 0.8
Turnout 1,329 71.8
Protectionist hold  

1894

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This section is an excerpt from 1894 New South Wales colonial election § Kiama
1894 New South Wales colonial election: Kiama [25]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Ind. Protectionist Alexander Campbell 811 50.9
Free Trade George Fuller 781 49.1
Total formal votes 1,592 98.8
Informal votes 20 1.2
Turnout 1,612 86.8
Ind. Protectionist gain from Free Trade  

1891

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This section is an excerpt from 1891 New South Wales colonial election § Kiama
1891 New South Wales colonial election: Kiama
Friday 19 June [26]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Free Trade George Fuller (elected) 894 69.0
Protectionist Thomas Kennedy 402 31.0
Total formal votes 1,296 97.8
Informal votes 29 2.2
Turnout 1,325 71.7
Free Trade hold  

Elections in the 1880s

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1889

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This section is an excerpt from 1889 New South Wales colonial election § Kiama
1889 New South Wales colonial election: Kiama
Saturday 9 February [27]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Free Trade George Fuller (elected) 528 47.2
Free Trade John Cole 495 44.2
Protectionist John Roseby 96 8.6
Total formal votes 1,119 98.2
Informal votes 21 1.8
Turnout 1,140 69.1
Free Trade hold  

1887

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This section is an excerpt from 1887 New South Wales colonial election § Kiama
1887 New South Wales colonial election: Kiama
Wednesday 9 February [28]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Free Trade Angus Cameron (re-elected) unopposed

1887 by-election

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This section is an excerpt from 1887 Kiama colonial by-election § Results.[edit]
1887 Kiama by-election
Thursday 13 January [29]
Candidate Votes %
Angus Cameron (elected) 673 64.3
Bruce Smith 373 35.7
Total formal votes 1,046 100.0
Informal votes 0 0.0
Turnout 1,046 64.5
Harman Tarrant resigned.[29]

1885

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This section is an excerpt from 1885 New South Wales colonial election § Kiama
1885 New South Wales colonial election: Kiama
Friday 16 October [30]
Candidate Votes %
Harman Tarrant (re-elected) 574 61.0
Philip Holdsworth 367 39.0
Total formal votes 941 97.7
Informal votes 22 2.3
Turnout 963 61.5

1882

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This section is an excerpt from 1882 New South Wales colonial election § Kiama
1882 New South Wales colonial election: Kiama
Monday 11 December [31]
Candidate Votes %
Harman Tarrant (re-elected) 545 59.4
John Davies 372 40.6
Total formal votes 917 98.7
Informal votes 12 1.3
Turnout 929 67.4

1880

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This section is an excerpt from 1880 New South Wales colonial election § Kiama
1880 New South Wales colonial election: Kiama
Saturday 27 November [32]
Candidate Votes %
Harman Tarrant (re-elected) unopposed

1880 by-election

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This section is an excerpt from 1880 Kiama colonial by-election § Results.[edit]
1880 Kiama by-election
Friday 2 July [33]
Candidate Votes %
Harman Tarrant (elected) 450 82.9
William Coulter 93 17.1
Total formal votes 543 100.0
Informal votes 0 0.0
Turnout 543 45.3
Samuel Charles resigned.[33]

1871 by-election

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This section is an excerpt from 1871 Kiama colonial by-election § Results.[edit]
1871 Kiama by-election
Thursday 12 January [34]
Candidate Votes %
John Stewart unopposed
Henry Parkes resigned due to bankruptcy.[34]

1870 by-election

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This section is an excerpt from 1870 Kiama colonial by-election § Results.[edit]
1870 Kiama by-election
Thursday 3 November [35]
Candidate Votes %
Henry Parkes (re-elected) 472 58.0
Samuel Gray 342 42.0
Total formal votes 824 100.0
Informal votes 0 0.0
Turnout 824 67.7
Henry Parkes resigned due to financial difficulties.[35]

Elections in the 1870s

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1877

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This section is an excerpt from Results of the 1877 New South Wales colonial election § Kiama.[edit]
1877 New South Wales colonial election: Kiama
Monday 29 October [36]
Candidate Votes %
Samuel Charles (re-elected) unopposed  

1874

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This section is an excerpt from 1874-75 New South Wales colonial election § Kiama
1874–75 New South Wales colonial election: Kiama
Friday 18 December 1874 [37]
Candidate Votes %
Samuel Charles (elected) 405 53.2
John Stewart (defeated) 357 46.9
Total formal votes 762 100.0
Informal votes 0 0.0
Turnout 776 66.3

1872

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This section is an excerpt from 1872 New South Wales colonial election § Kiama
1872 New South Wales colonial election: Kiama
Friday 23 February [38]
Candidate Votes %
John Stewart (re-elected) unopposed

Elections in the 1860s

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1869

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This section is an excerpt from 1869-70 New South Wales colonial election § Kiama
1869–70 New South Wales colonial election: Kiama
Tuesday 14 December 1869 [39]
Candidate Votes %
Henry Parkes (re-elected) 581 57.4
Samuel Gray 432 42.7
Total formal votes 1,013 98.9
Informal votes 11 1.1
Turnout 1,024 79.2

1864

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This section is an excerpt from 1864–65 New South Wales colonial election § Kiama
1864–65 New South Wales colonial election: Kiama
Tuesday 20 December 1864 [40]
Candidate Votes %
Henry Parkes (re-elected) 578 62.1
Samuel Charles 353 37.9
Total formal votes 931 100.0
Informal votes 0 0.0
Turnout 931 76.6

1864 by-election

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This section is an excerpt from 1864 Kiama colonial by-election § Results.[edit]
1864 Kiama by-election
Friday 29 April [41]
Candidate Votes %
Henry Parkes (elected) 495 60.1
George Hamilton 329 39.9
Total formal votes 824 100.0
Informal votes 0 0.0
Turnout 824 67.7
Samuel Gray resigned.[41]

1860

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This section is an excerpt from 1860 New South Wales colonial election § Kiama
1860 New South Wales colonial election: Kiama
Thursday 13 December [42]
Candidate Votes %
Samuel Gray (re-elected) unopposed  

Elections in the 1850s

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1859

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This section is an excerpt from 1859 New South Wales colonial election § Kiama
1859 New South Wales colonial election: Kiama
Thursday 16 June [43]
Candidate Votes %
Samuel Gray (elected) 482 70.4
George Grey 201 29.3
Francis Carberry 2 0.3
Total formal votes 685 100.0
Informal votes 0 0.0
Turnout 735 65.6

References

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  1. ^ Green, Antony. "Elections for the District of Kiama". New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
  2. ^ "Kiama- NSW Electorate, Candidates, Results". NSW Votes 2019. ABC News. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
  3. ^ "Part 5B alphabetical list of all electorates and Members since 1856" (PDF). NSW Parliamentary Record. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  4. ^ "Former Members". Members of Parliament. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  5. ^ LA First Preference: Kiama, NSW State Election Results 2023, NSW Electoral Commission. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  6. ^ LA Two Candidate Preferred: Kiama, NSW State Election Results 2023, NSW Electoral Commission. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  7. ^ Two Candidate Preferred (TCP) Analytical Tool: Kiama, NSW State Election Results 2023, NSW Electoral Commission. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  8. ^ "Kiama: First Preference Votes". 2019 NSW election results. NSW Electoral Commission. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  9. ^ "Kiama: Distribution of Preferences". 2019 NSW election results. NSW Electoral Commission. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  10. ^ State Electoral District of Kiama: First Preference Votes, NSWEC.
  11. ^ State Electoral District of Kiama: Distribution of Preferences, NSWEC.
  12. ^ Antony Green. "2011 New South Wales Election: Analysis of Results" (PDF). NSW Parliamentary Library. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
  13. ^ Green, Antony. "2007 Kiama". New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  14. ^ Green, Antony. "2003 Kiama". New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  15. ^ Green, Antony. "1999 Kiama". New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  16. ^ Green, Antony. "1995 Kiama". New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  17. ^ Green, Antony. "1991 Kiama". New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  18. ^ Green, Antony. "1988 Kiama". New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  19. ^ a b Green, Antony. "1986 Kiama by-election". New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  20. ^ Green, Antony. "1984 Kiama". New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  21. ^ Green, Antony. "1981 Kiama". New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
  22. ^ Green, Antony. "1901 Kiama". New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  23. ^ Green, Antony. "1898 Kiama". New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  24. ^ Green, Antony. "1895 Kiama". New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  25. ^ Green, Antony. "1894 Kiama". New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  26. ^ Green, Antony. "1891 Kiama". New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  27. ^ Green, Antony. "1889 Kiama". New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  28. ^ Green, Antony. "1887 Kiama". New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  29. ^ a b Green, Antony. "1887 Kiama by-election". New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  30. ^ Green, Antony. "1885 Kiama". New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  31. ^ Green, Antony. "1882 Kiama". New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  32. ^ Green, Antony. "1880 Kiama". New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  33. ^ a b Green, Antony. "1880 results Kiama". New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  34. ^ a b Green, Antony. "1871 results Kiama". New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  35. ^ a b Green, Antony. "1870 Kiama by-election". New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  36. ^ Green, Antony. "1877 Kiama". New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
  37. ^ Green, Antony. "1874-5 Kiama". New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  38. ^ Green, Antony. "1872 Kiama". New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  39. ^ Green, Antony. "1869-70 Kiama". New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  40. ^ Green, Antony. "1864-5 Kiama". New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  41. ^ a b Green, Antony. "1864 results Kiama". New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
  42. ^ Green, Antony. "1860 Kiama". New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  43. ^ Green, Antony. "1859 Kiama". New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
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