The electricity sector in Switzerland relies mainly on hydroelectricity, since the Alps cover almost two-thirds of the country's land mass, providing many large mountain lakes and artificial reservoirs suited for hydro power. In addition, the water masses drained from the Swiss Alps are intensively used by run-of-the-river hydroelectricity (ROR). With 9,052 kWh per person in 2008, the country's electricity consumption is relatively high and was 22% above the European Union's average.
This article needs to be updated. (February 2024) |
- Hydro Riv.: 17,000 GWh (26.6%)
- Hydro Dam: 22,600 GWh (35.3%)
- Solar PV: 2,850 GWh (4.5%)
- Wood: 675 GWh (1.1%)
- Wind: 145 GWh (0.2%)
- Waste Incin.: 2,180 GWh (3.4%)
- Nuclear: 18,500 GWh (28.9%)
In 2013, net generated electricity amounted to 66.2 terawatt-hours (TWh). About 60% of Switzerland's electricity generation comes from renewable sources, most of it from hydro (56.6%), while non-hydro renewables supplied a small contribution of 3.4%. Nuclear contributed 37.6% to the country's electricity production, and only about 2.5% were generated by fossil fuel based thermal power stations.[2][3]
Consumption
editAccording to IEA the electricity use (gross production + imports – exports – transmission/distribution losses) in Switzerland was in 2004 60.6 TWh, (2007) 61.6 TWh and (2008) 63.5 TWh.[4] In 2008 Switzerland consumed electricity per inhabitant 122% compared to the European Union 15 average (9,052 / EU15: 7,409 electricity use per inhabitant 2008, kWh/person) [5] and 133% compared to the United Kingdom (2008: UK 372.19 TWh per 59.9milj. person, and Switzerland 63,53 TWh per 7,71 milj.person).[4]
In 2021, Switzerland generated 63.1 TWh of electricity, with hydroelectric power contributing 59% of this total. The closure of the Mühleberg nuclear power plant led to a decrease in nuclear power's share from 42% in 2011 to 31% by 2021. Combined, hydro and nuclear sources constituted nearly 90% of the electricity mix in 2021. Additionally, bioenergy and solar contributed 5.2% and 4.5%, respectively, whereas natural gas, oil, and wind each contributed less than 1% of the total generation.[6][7]
The country's electricity demand totaled 58 TWh in 2021. The residential sector was the primary consumer, accounting for approximately 35% of the total demand. The industrial sector was a close second, using about 32%, followed by the service sector at roughly 28%, and the transport sector, which constituted around 6% of the overall electricity consumption.[6][7]
Hydro power
editHydroelectricity is by far the country's most important source of electricity, and contributing more than half to its electricity generation. Hydro power is generally divided into conventional hydroelectricity (using a dam) and run-of-the-river hydroelectricity. In addition, pumped-storage hydroelectricity (PSH) plays an important role in Switzerland, being used in combination with base load power plants and nuclear power from France.[citation needed]
In 2020, Switzerland's total installed capacity was 22.9 GW, surpassing the peak load of 9.6 GW. Hydropower comprised 68% of this capacity, though its yearly production is limited by storage capacity and water availability. In 2021, hydroelectric production totaled approximately 40 TWh, factoring in 4 TWh from pump energy, and led to a net generation of 36 TWh.[6][7]
Small hydro
editThe KEV remuneration (see below) also applies to small-scale hydro power plants with nameplate capacities up to 10 megawatts.
Nuclear power
edit
There are four nuclear power plants, with a total of five operational reactors. In 2013, they produced 24.8 terawatt-hours (TWh) of electricity. Nuclear power accounted for 36.4% of the nation's gross electricity generation of 68.3 TWh[8] In addition, there are a number of research reactors in Switzerland, one of them at the EPFL.
In 2011, the federal authorities decided to gradually phase out nuclear power in Switzerland as a consequence of the Fukushima accident in Japan. In late 2013 the operator BKW decided to cease all electrical generation in 2019 in the Mühleberg plant
As of December 8, 2014, the National Council has voted to limit the operational life-time of the Beznau Nuclear Power Plant—which houses the oldest commercial reactor in the world—to 60 years, forcing decommissioning upon its two reactors by 2029 and 2031, respectively.[9]
In 2021, nuclear power constituted 22% of Switzerland's Total Energy Supply (TES) and accounted for 31% of total electricity generation. Additionally, Switzerland ranked eighth among International Energy Agency (IEA) countries in terms of the proportion of nuclear power in its electricity generation mix.[6][7]
Oil power
editFrom 1965 until 1999, the Chavalon plant in Valais, above the Collombey refinery, had an electrical power output of two times 142 megawatts. The refinery was shut down in 2015, and will be dismantled until 2022.
In 2021, the contribution of oil to electricity generation was minimal, accounting for just 0.05% of the total electricity produced.[6][7]
Gas power
editA newly built gas power plant is debated to cover future power shortages during the winter. There are considerations regarding a gas turbine testing facility in Birr AG belonging to the Italian engineering firm Ansaldo Energia. The facility is connected to both the gas and the electricity grid, and when both installed turbines are running, it feeds 740 megawatts into the Swiss electricity grid.[10]
In 2021, the contribution of natural gas to electricity generation was minimal, accounting for just 0.8% of the total electricity produced.[6][7]
Non-hydro renewables
editFeed-in remuneration at cost (KEV)
editThe federal government adopted feed-in tariffs to offer a cost-based compensation to renewable energy producers. The feed-in remuneration at cost (KEV, German: Kostendeckende Einspeisevergütung, French: Rétribution à prix coûtant du courant injecté, Italian: Rimunerazione a copertura dei costi per l'immissione in rete di energia elettrica) is the primary instrument for promoting the deployment of power systems using renewable energy sources.
It covers the difference between the production and the market price, and guarantees producers of electricity from renewable sources a price that corresponds to their production costs. The following renewable energy sources are supported by the KEV remuneration: distributed small hydro (with capacities up to 10 MW), solar photovoltaics, wind power, geothermal energy, biomass and biogas (from agriculture, waste and water treatment).
The KEV remuneration is financed by collecting a surcharge on the consumed kilowatt-hour of electricity. As in other countries, industries with a large electricity consumption are exempt from the surcharge, which has gradually been increased and stands at 1.5 cents per kWh as of 2014.[11]
The remuneration tariffs for renewables have been specified based on reference power plants for each individual technology. Feed-in tariffs are applicable for 20 to 25 years, depending on the technology. In view of the anticipated technological progress and the increasing degree of market maturity of renewables energy technologies (especially for solar PV), the feed-in tariffs are subjected to a gradual reduction once or twice a year. These reductions only apply to new production facilities that are put into operation.
Planned installations of renewable power facilities have to be registered with Swissgrid, the national network operator. As of the end of 2014, a growing waiting list for solar photovoltaic systems has accumulated as demand excess the capped capacities given by the currently available funds of the KEV remuneration.
Wind power
editSwiss wind power accounted for only 146 GWh or 0.2% of net-electricity production in 2019.
Solar power
editFor many years, Switzerland's pace of deploying solar PV had been lagging significantly behind its neighboring Germany and Italy. However, installed capacity of solar PV increased by 300 MW or 69% to 737 MW in 2013 and is likely to continue its strong growth due to the recently ramped up KEV funds. In 2014, another installed 320 MW brought the country beyond the gigawatt mark and the IEA-PVPS estimates the now installed capacity sufficient to supply close to 2% of the domestic electricity demands.[12]
Geothermal power
editAn induced seismicity in Basel led the city to suspend a geothermal energy project and conduct a seismic hazard evaluation, which resulted in its cancellation in December 2009.[13]
Global warming
editEmissions of carbon dioxide in total, per capita in 2007 were 5.6 tons CO2 compared to EU 27 average 7.9 tons CO2.[14]
Carbon dioxide emissions
editA study published in 2009 showed that the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) due to the electricity consumed in Switzerland (total: 5.7 million tonnes) are seven times higher than the emissions of carbon dioxide due to the electricity produced in Switzerland (total: 0.8 million tonnes).[15]
The study also show that the production in Switzerland (64.6 TWh) is similar to the amount of electricity consumed in the country (63.7 TWh).[15] Overall, Switzerland exports 7.6 TWh and imports 6.8 TWh; but, in terms of emissions of carbon dioxide, Switzerland exports "clean" electricity causing emissions of 0.1 million tonnes of CO2 and imports "dirty" electricity causing emissions of 5 million tonnes of CO2.[15]
The electricity produced in Switzerland generated 14 grammes of CO2 per kilowatt hour. The electricity consumed in Switzerland generated 100 grammes of CO2 per kilowatt hour.[16]
Power stations
editIn Switzerland, there also exists a single-phase AC grid operated with 16.7 Hz for power supply of railway lines, see List of installations for 15 kV AC railway electrification in Germany, Austria and Switzerland.
Notes and references
edit- ^ VSE, [1], 2020
- ^ Swiss Federal Office of Energy SFOE, Schweizerische Statistik der erneuerbaren Energien 2013 Archived 2017-07-29 at the Wayback Machine, p. 2 and 6, 25 September 2014
- ^ Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) Electricity statistics 2013 (in French and German) Archived 2014-12-18 at the Wayback Machine, p. 2 and 3, 23 June 2014
- ^ a b IEA Key stats 2010 page 56
- ^ Energy in Sweden 2010, table: Specific electricity production per inhabitant with breakdown by power source Table 49 Archived October 16, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ a b c d e f "Switzerland 2023 – Analysis". IEA. 2023-09-11. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
- ^ a b c d e f "Switzerland 2023 Energy Policy Review" (PDF). International Energy Agency (IEA). September 2023.
- ^ Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) Electricity statistics 2013 (in French and German) Archived 2014-12-18 at the Wayback Machine, 23 June 2014
- ^ "Neue Zürcher Zeitung - NZZ.ch". Archived from the original on 2012-10-24. Retrieved 2012-10-25., Neue Zürcher Zeitung, ["Neue Zürcher Zeitung - NZZ.ch". Archived from the original on 2012-10-24. Retrieved 2012-10-25.schweiz/nationalrat-will-beznau-nach-60-jahren-vom-netz-nehmen-1.18440712 Nationalrat will Beznau nach 60 Jahren vom Netz nehmen (in German)], 8 December 2014
- ^ "Gaskraftwerk könnte zwei AKW ersetzen – theoretisch". Swiss Radio and Television SRF (in German). 2022-01-23. Retrieved 2022-01-23.
- ^ Die Neue Zürcher Zeitung, (in German), 20 August 2014
- ^ "Snapshot of Global PV 1992-2014" (PDF). www.iea-pvps.org. International Energy Agency — Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme. 30 March 2015. p. 13. Archived from the original on 7 April 2015.
- ^ Glanz, James (2009-12-10), "Quake Threat Leads Swiss to Close Geothermal Project", The New York Times
- ^ Energy in Sweden 2010, Table 1: Emissions of carbon dioxide in total, per capita and per GDP in EU and OECD countries, 2007 2010 Table 1 Archived October 16, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c (in French) TEP Energy GmbH, "Intensité CO2 de l’électricité vendue aux consommateurs finaux en Suisse", 17 July 2009 (page visited on 6 October 2013).
- ^ (in French) Isabelle Chevalley, "D’où vient l’électricité que vous consommez ?", Le Temps, 7 October 2009 (page visited on 6 October 2013).
