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Empaako (Tooro pronunciation: [empáːko], Nyoro pronunciation: [empâːko], sg.: empaako), also known as pet names or praise names,[1] is a practice of the Batooro, Banyoro, Batuku, Batagwenda, and Banyabindi peoples of Uganda by which children are given a name.[2] They were introduced after the Biito clan conquered the Empire of Kitara,[1] and are nowadays used as a respectful and endearing way to refer to someone in conversation, separate from individual given names and surnames.
| Empaako tradition of the Batooro, Banyoro, Batuku, Batagwenda and Banyabindi of western Uganda | |
|---|---|
| Country | Uganda |
| Domains | Oral traditions and expressions; social practices, rituals and festive events |
| Reference | 904 |
| Region | Africa |
| Inscription history | |
| Inscription | 2013 (8th session) |
| List | Urgent safeguarding |
 | |
Empaako is included on the UNESCO list of intangible world heritage requiring emergency safeguarding.[2]
Empaako names
editThe empaako names, twelve in number plus one intended for kings, are as follows:[3][1][4][5][6]
Abbooki
editAbbooki is an empaako that comes from the Luo word aboko "I have narrated".
Abwoli
editAbwoli is an empaako that can be used for girls/young women in a context where it would be improper to ask for her empaako.[4] It comes from the Luo word abwolo "I deceive", and is associated with cats.[5]
Acaali
editAcaali is an empaako reserved for men and comes from the Luo word acalo "I look like you".
Acanga
editAcanga (often spelt Acaanga, however this spelling violates the Runyoro-Rutooro orthography) is an obsolete empaako, allegedly used by chiefs, thus it is not in common use.[7][8][citation needed]
Adyeri
editAdyeri is an empaako that comes from the Luo word adyero "I have sacrificed".
Akiiki
editAkiiki is an empaako does not have a certain Luo origin, although it is associated with the title "Saviour of the Nations".[5]
Amooti
editAmooti is an empaako that is generally used by the Omukama and the aristocracy, although normal people can still use this empaako. It comes from the Luo amoto "I greet".
Apuuli
editApuuli is an empaako used exclusively by males, and can be is used for boys/young men in a context where it would be improper to ask for his empaako.[4]
Araali
editAraali is an empaako reserved for men, and does not have a Luo origin, although it is associated with thunder because the god of lightning, Kagoro, has this empaako.[5]
Ateenyi
editAteenyi is an empaako that comes from the Luo word atenyo "I have left". This empaako is associated with the mythical snake of the River Muzizi.[5]
Atwoki
editAtwoki is an empaako that Gerald Heusing claims comes from the Luo word adok "I go back", although this is disputed.[9]
Bbala
editBbala (or Abbala) is an empaako reserved for men and was originally reserved for those close to the king.[1] It comes from the Luo word abalo "I spoil it".
Okaali
editOkaali is an empaako that is not in common use since it is only used for the Omukama (king) when he is being worshipped in rituals or in special ceremonies.[10] In other cases, Amooti is used to refer to him, thus the Omukama is the only person in a community to have two empaako. After becoming the Omukama, he takes the empaako of Amooti and Okaali, no matter what empaako he had before. It comes from the Luo word okalo "he/she jumped over".
Usage
editEmpaako are used to emphasize the social bonds existing when addressing the person. It is used to greet or show affection, respect, honor or lover.[2]
Empaako is awarded during a ceremony by the clan chief in the newborn's home. The choice of name is based on an analysis of the child's traits by his paternal aunts who look for a resemblance with other members of the family. Once the name is chosen, the clan chief attributes it to the child.[2]
After the ceremony, a meal of millet and smoked beef is shared. Presents are given to the baby and a tree is planted.[2]
References
edit- ^ a b c d Isingoma, Bebwa (December 2014). "Empaako 'Praise Names': An historical, sociolinguistic and pragmatic analysis". African Study Monographs.
- ^ a b c d e "UNESCO - Empaako tradition of the Batooro, Banyoro, Batuku, Batagwenda and Banyabindi of western Uganda". ich.unesco.org. Retrieved 2023-08-02.
- ^ Mwakikagile, Godfrey. The People of Uganda: A Social Perspective. New Africa Press. ISBN 978-9987-16-033-4.
- ^ a b c Heusing, Gerald (2022). "Empaako, the Magic Word: A Special Form of Address Used in Western Uganda". Multilingual Margins: A Journal of Multilingualism from the Periphery. 9 (1). doi:10.14426/mm.v9i1.1395. ISSN 2663-4848.
- ^ a b c d e Rwagweri, Atwoki, ed. (2019). Ceremonies and Practices Associated with Empaako Naming System. Fort Portal, Uganda: Engabu Za Tooro (Tooro Youth Platform for Action). ISBN 978-9970-9852-1-0.
- ^ Robinah Birungi. "Empaako Ceremony, Origin and meaning". The Ugandan. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017.
- ^ "Runyakitara Dictionary". runyakitara.com. Retrieved 2023-08-03.
- ^ runyoroonline (2016-03-15). "Empako (names of praise) in Bunyoro and Tooro". bunyoroonline. Retrieved 2023-08-03.
- ^ Heusing, Gerald (2022). "Empaako, the Magic Word: A Special Form of Address Used in Western Uganda". Multilingual Margins: A Journal of Multilingualism from the Periphery. 9 (1). doi:10.14426/mm.v9i1.1395. ISSN 2663-4848.
- ^ Mwakikagile, Godfrey. The People of Uganda: A Social Perspective. New Africa Press. ISBN 978-9987-16-033-4.
Bibliography
edit- "The empaako tradition of the Batooro, Banyoro, Batuku, Batagwenda and Banyabindi of western Uganda". UNESCO. 2013.
- Comité intergouvernemental de l'UNESCO (2013). "Decision of the Intergovernmental Committee: 8.COM 7.A.12". Bakou.
- Robinah Birungi. "Empaako Ceremony, Origin and meaning". The Ugandan. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017.
- Godfrey Mwakikagile, « Empaako (names of endearment) », in Uganda: The Land and Its People, New Africa Press, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 2009, p. 62-64 ISBN 9789987930890