Empis snoddyi is a species of dance flies in the family Empididae.[1][2][3][4] It is present in the United States, specifically mountainous areas from southern Virginia to northern Georgia.[5] These flies are known for their distinctive mating ritual in which the males offer the females a large empty sack filled with hundreds of silk bubbles.[6]
| Empis snoddyi | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Empididae |
| Genus: | Empis |
| Species: | E. snoddyi
|
| Binomial name | |
| Empis snoddyi Steyskal, 1969
| |
Description
editThe thorax and head are darkly colored with grey frosted areas. Eyes are nearly holoptic, meaning that they almost meet in the middle of the head, but there is a slight separation. Legs are yellow with a dark ring where the femur ends. Wings are semi-clear with brown veins throughout. Males and females look quite similar. Two differences are that the separation between the eyes is usually wider in males, and the bristles on the upper part of the leg are shorter in males.[5]
Behavior
editEmpis snoddyi flies have evolved a mating ritual in which males provide an empty sack filled with silk bubbles as nuptial gifts to females. Other species of Empididae provide nuptial gifts in the form of prey, wrapped prey, or sacks filled with prey, so it is likely that the empty balloons provided by Empis snoddyi relic related to these nutritious nuptial gifts. It has been hypothesized that these balloons are a representation of the male’s fitness, and it has been shown that large males with intermediately sized sacks have the highest mating rate.[6]
The prothoracic basitarsus (a leg segment) in the male produces the silk for the balloon.[7] The balloon complex is made up of air-filled polygons made of silk. The males are able to vary their output of silk, which leads an irregular pattern of different sized polygons.[8]
References
edit- ^ "Empis snoddyi Report". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2018-05-02.
- ^ "Empis snoddyi species details". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 2018-05-02.
- ^ "Empis snoddyi". GBIF. Retrieved 2018-05-02.
- ^ "Empis snoddyi Species Information". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2018-05-02.
- ^ a b Cumming, Jeffrey M.; Brooks, Scott E.; Sinclair, Bradley J. (2013-11-15). "Revision of the Empis subgenus Enoplempis Bigot, east of the Rocky Mountains (Diptera: Empididae)". Zootaxa. 3736 (5): 401–456. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3736.5.1. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 25112640.
- ^ a b Sadowski, Jennifer A.; Moore, Allen J.; Brodie III, Edmund D. (1999-03-01). "The evolution of empty nuptial gifts in a dance fly, Empis snoddyi (Diptera: Empididae): bigger isn't always better". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 45 (3): 161–166. doi:10.1007/s002650050549. ISSN 1432-0762.
- ^ Young, James H; Merritt, David J (2003-10-01). "The ultrastructure and function of the silk-producing basitarsus in the Hilarini (Diptera: Empididae)". Arthropod Structure & Development. 32 (2): 157–165. doi:10.1016/S1467-8039(03)00006-9. ISSN 1467-8039. PMID 18089001.
- ^ Fink, T (July 2011). "Structure of the Empty Ornamental Nuptial Gift of Empis snoddyi Steyskal (Diptera, Empididae) as Revealed by Variable Pressure Scanning Electron Microscopy". Microscopy and Microanalysis. 17 (S2): 346–347. doi:10.1017/S1431927611002601. ISSN 1431-9276.
Further reading
edit- Sadowski, Jennifer A.; Moore, Allen J.; Brodie III, Edmund D. (March 1999). "The evolution of empty nuptial gifts in a dance fly, Empis snoddyi (Diptera: Empididae): bigger isn't always better". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 45 (3–4): 161–166. doi:10.1007/s002650050549. ISSN 1432-0762.