Empress Dowager Xiaochun (1588–1615), of the Liu clan, was a Ming dynasty concubine of the Taichang Emperor and biological mother of the Chongzhen Emperor.[1]
| Empress Dowager Xiaochun 孝純太后 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | |||||
| Born | 1588 Hai Prefecture | ||||
| Died | 1615 (aged 26–27) Forbidden City, Beijing | ||||
| Burial | |||||
| Spouse | Taichang Emperor | ||||
| Issue | Chongzhen Emperor | ||||
| |||||
| Clan | Liu (劉) | ||||
| Father | Liu Yingyuan (劉應元) | ||||
| Mother | Lady Xu (徐氏) | ||||
Biography
editLady Liu became a concubine of Zhu Changluo when he was the crown prince. She was of the rank lady (Chinese: 淑女; pinyin: shūnǚ), a low-level concubine.[1]
In February 1611, Lady Liu gave birth to a son named Zhu Youjian. In 1614, her husband became infuriated with Lady Liu and ordered that she be punished, at which point Lady Liu was killed.[1] It is debated whether the crown prince ordered Lady Liu's death, or it occurred accidentally while she was being disciplined.
Legacy
editFearing reproachment for Lady Liu's death from his father, as well as the spirits and ancestors, the crown prince forbade the palace staff from mentioning the affair and had Lady Liu buried in the Western Hills near Beijing.[1]
On the succession of the Tianqi Emperor in 1620, Zhu Youjian was given the title Prince of Xin (信王) and Lady Liu was posthumously awarded the title Consort Xian (Chinese: 賢妃). During this time, Zhu Youjian uncovered the location of his mother's resting place from his attendants.[1]
When Zhu Youjian succeeded to the imperial throne as the Chongzhen Emperor in 1627, he granted his mother the posthumous title of Empress Dowager Xiaochun gongyi shumu zhuangjing pitian yusheng. The Chongzhen Emperor also moved her tomb to Qingling to be buried alongside her husband.[1]
Portrait
editAs the Chongzhen Emperor had been only five years old at the time of her death, he requested that someone obtain a portrait of his mother for him. Consort Yi (Chinese: 傅懿妃) had been a concubine of the Taichang Emperor along with Lady Liu when he was crown prince and had lived in a palace close to her. Consort Yi found a palace attendant who looked similar to Lady Liu and ordered her mother, Esteemed Lady Xu of the State of Ying (灜國太夫人徐氏), to oversee the project.[1] On its completion, the portrait was brought through Zhengyang Gate (Chinese: 正陽門). The emperor knelt to greet the portrait and it was hung in the palace. Old servants were summoned and asked if the portrait resembled Lady Liu, after which the emperor and all in attendance wept.[1]
Titles
edit- During the reign of the Wanli Emperor (r. 1572–1620):
- Lady Liu (劉氏; from 1588)
- Lady of Gentleness (淑女)
- During the reign of the Tianqi Emperor (r.1620–1627):
- Consort Xian (賢妃; from 1621)
- During the reign of the Chongzhen Emperor (r. 1627–1644):
- Empress Dowager Xiàochún Gōngyì Shūmù Zhuāngjìng Pítiān Yùshèng (孝純恭懿淑穆莊靜毘天毓聖皇太后; from 1627)
Issue
edit- As Lady of Gentleness:
- Zhu Youjian, the Chongzhen Emperor (崇禎帝 朱由檢; 6 February 1611 – 25 April 1644), the Taichang Emperor's fifth son
References
editNotes
editWorks cited
edit- Zhang Tingyu, ed. (1739). "《明史》卷一百十四 列传第二" [History of Ming, Volume 114, Historical Biographies 2]. Lishichunqiu Net (in Chinese). Lishi Chunqiu. Retrieved 22 June 2017.