The enactment effect, also called self-performed task effect (SPT effect) [1] is a term that was created in the early 80's to describe the fact that verb phrases are memorized better if a learner performs the described action during learning, compared to just getting the verbal information or seeing someone else perform the action.[2] The use of gestures improves the quantity of phrases that can be recalled, the phrases can be recalled for a longer amount of time, and they can be accessed easier. Knowing that enacting improves memory performance can be useful in education and treatment of patients with memory disorders.[3]
Studies showing the enactment effect
editIn their study, Engelkamp and Krumnacker (1980) gave participants verbal phrases like “brush the teeth” or "shuffle the cards". In a recognition task and a free recall task, the memory of participants was tested under four learning conditions: one group performed the action, a second group was supposed to imagine the action, the third group watched someone perform the action, and the last group just heard the phrases. The group that had enacted the gestures performed best in both tasks.[2] Around the same time, Cohen examined recall capacity of verbal phrases in participants under three conditions: one group performed the action on a concrete object, a second group saw the experimenter perform the action on an object, and a third group only got verbal instructions. The self-performed task led to the best results, supporting the claim that the enactment effect exists.[1] Since then, the effect has been reduplicated in many studies. Recall after enactment tasks was shown to be superior to recall after verbal tasks in children as well as in adults.[4] Furthermore, the enactment effect is existent in elderly people and people with moderate dementia of the Alzheimer type.[5]
Enactment effect in second language acquisition
editGestures have been shown to be a useful tool in teaching a foreign language. The enactment effect can be used in second language teaching in order to learn a language more efficiently, faster, and to prevent forgetting. Various studies have shown that the use of gestures while learning new words improves recall and retention.[3] The enactment effect in second language learning could be shown in children as well as adults.[6][7][8] Not only does enactment improve memorization, but also the use of words in speech production.[7] Using gestures while learning is helpful in learning concrete words as well as abstract words such as “change” or “difference”. Studies supported this claim in showing that abstract words were better remembered when a gesture was used while encoding.[7]
Neurolinguistical research on the enactment effect
editIn more recent studies, researchers have been trying to find the neurological explanation of the enactment effect, and the reason why memory is enhanced after enactment. It was shown that not mere physical motor information leads to the enactment effect, but that the semantic content of the gesture plays a role as well.[9] Iconic gestures enhance memory compared to meaningless gestures which have no positive effect on memorization.[7] Event-related potentials showed that enactment leads to deeper processing of new information, eliciting the assumption that by using gestures, the meaning of the new word is connected with an already existing concept in one's native language.[10]
References
edit- ^ a b Cohen, RL (1981) "On the generality of some memory laws". Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 22:267-281.
- ^ a b Engelkamp, Johannes & Krumnacker, Horst (1980). „Imaginale und motorische Prozesse beim Behalten verbalen Materials". Zeitschrift für experimentelle und angewandte Psychologie 27: 511-533.
- ^ a b Macedonia, Manuela & von Kriegstein, Katharina (2012) . „Gestures Enhance Foreign Language Learning”. Biolinguistics 6(3-4): 393-416.
- ^ Saltz, Eli & Sizanne Donnenwerth-Nolan (1981) "Does Motoric Imagery Facilitate Memory for Sentences? A Selective Interference Test". JOURNAL OF VERBAL LEARNING AND VERBAL BEHAVIOR 20:322-332.
- ^ Hutton, S., Sheppard, L., Rusted, J.M., & H.H., Ratner(1996) "Structuring and Retrieval Environment to Facilitate Learning in Individuals with Dementia of the Alzheimer Type". MEMORY 4(2):113-130.
- ^ Tellier, M. (2008) "The effect of gestures on second language memorization by young children". Gesture 8(2):219-235
- ^ a b c d Macedonia, Manuela & Thomas R. Knösche (2011) "Body in Mind: How Gestures Empower Foreign Language Learning". Mind, Brain, and Education 5:4, 196-211.
- ^ Quinn-Allen, Linda (1995) "The effects of emblematic gestures on the development and access of mental representations of French expressions". The Modern Language Journal 79:521-529.
- ^ Masumoto, K., Yamaguchi, M., Sutani, K., Tsuneto, S., Fujita, A., & M., Tonoike(2006) "Reactivation of physical motor information in the memory of action events". Brain Research 1101:102-109.
- ^ Kelly, Spencer D., Tara McDevitt, & Megan Esch (2009) "Brief training with co-speech gesture lends a hand to word learning in a foreign language". Language and Cognitive Processes, 24:313-334.