List of English inventions and discoveries

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English inventions and discoveries are objects, processes or techniques invented, innovated or discovered, partially or entirely, in England by a person from England. Often, things discovered for the first time are also called inventions and in many cases, there is no clear line between the two. Nonetheless, science and technology in England continued to develop rapidly in absolute terms. Furthermore, according to a Japanese research firm, over 40% of the world's inventions and discoveries were made in the UK, followed by France with 24% of the world's inventions and discoveries made in France and followed by the US with 20%. [1]

The following is a list of inventions, innovations or discoveries known or generally recognised to be English.

Agriculture

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Jethro Tull, improved the seed drill in 1701

Ceramics

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Clock making

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Anchor escapement, c. 1657

Clothing manufacturing

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The spinning jenny, invented in 1764 by James Hargreaves

Communications

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Postage stamp, invented by Sir Rowland Hill, 1840

Computing

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Sir Tim Berners-Lee, invented the World Wide Web in 1989
 
"Father of the computer", Charles Babbage (1791–1871)
 
Sir Francis Galton, developed fingerprint classification method, 1888

Criminology

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Cryptography

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Engineering

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  • 1327-1356: The first astronomical clock in Europe (before the famous prague astronomical clock, designed and engineered by Jan Sindel, a medieval Czech polymath and priest) came from medieval England, where it was designed and engineered by the Medieval English Polymath and abbot, Richard of Wallingford, whose contributions to mechanical engineering are very relevant till this very day. Richard of Wallingford also engineered astronomical calculating devices and machinery such as the albion and the rectangulus. The rectangulus was an astronomical instrument made by Richard of Wallingford around 1326. Dissatisfied with the limitations of existing astrolabes, Richard developed the rectangulus as an instrument for spherical trigonometry and to measure the angles between planets and other astronomical bodies.[1][2] The Albion is an astronomical instrument invented by Richard of Wallingford at the beginning of the 14th century.[5] It has various functional uses such as that of the equatorium for planetary and conjunction computations. It can calculate when eclipses will occur. The Albion is made up of 18 different scales which makes it extremely complex in comparison to the equatorium. His expertise in astronomy, mathematics, mechanical engineering, horology while also being a prominent catholic theologian is genuinely incredible and innovative.
  • 1600: The first electrical measuring instrument, the electroscope, invented by William Gilbert (1544–1603).
  • 1676–1678: First working universal joint devised by Robert Hooke (1635–1703).
  • 1698: First working steam pump invented by Thomas Savery (c. 1650–1715).[54]
  • 1709: First coke-consuming blast furnace developed by Abraham Darby I (1678–1717).[54]
 
The Newcomen steam engine, invented by Thomas Newcomen in 1712
 
The Iron Bridge, built by Abraham Darby III, 1781

Household appliances

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John Harington, invented the modern flushing toilet, 1596

Industrial processes

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Isambard Kingdom Brunel, a pioneer of the Industrial Revolution

Medicine

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Edward Jenner, invented the smallpox vaccine, the first successful vaccine to be developed, in 1798
 
Florence Nightingale, pioneered modern nursing, from 1860 onwards

Military

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Sir Hiram Maxim, invented the machine gun in 1884
 
HMS Dreadnought, 1906

Mining

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Musical instruments

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Photography

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Thomas Wedgwood, copied images chemically to permanent media by 1800

Publishing firsts

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Myles Coverdale, produced first complete printed English Bible, 1535

Science

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Physics

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Sir Isaac Newton, a giant of the scientific revolution
 
Michael Faraday, made key discoveries relating to electricity, 1820s–1840s
 
Sir James Chadwick, awarded 1935 Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of the neutron in 1932

Chemistry

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John Dalton, developed modern atomic theory, 1803
 
Humphry Davy: isolated various substances using electrolysis; identified them as elements; identified elemental nature of chlorine and iodine, 1807–1813

Biology

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Charles Darwin's theory of evolution published in 1859

Mathematics and statistics

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George Boole, whose Boolean algebra (1854) laid the foundations of the Information Age

Astronomy

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Edmond Halley, determined the periodicity of Halley's Comet in 1705

Geology and meteorology

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Karl Pearson's Grammar of Science (1892) influenced the young Einstein

Philosophy of science

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Henry Maudslay, a founding father of machine tool technology

Scientific instruments

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Sport

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W. G. Grace (1848–1915); 1598 saw the earliest definite reference to cricket
 
William Webb Ellis at Rugby School, 1823-4

Transport

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Aviation

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The Aerial Steam Carriage, performed the world's first powered flight in 1848
 
The de Havilland Comet, the first commercial jet airliner, produced in 1949

Railways

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Locomotives

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Stephenson's Rocket, 1829

Other railway developments

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The London Underground, opened 1863

Roads

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The Hansom cab, invented by Joseph Hansom in 1834
 
Hovercraft, invented by Sir Christopher Cockerell in 1955

Miscellaneous

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Lord Baden-Powell, invented the scout movement in 1907
 
Malthus's Essay on the Principle of Population, 1798
 
Prime meridian, established at Greenwich, 1851

See also

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References

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