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Enrique of Malacca

Enrique of Malacca (Spanish: Enrique de Malaca; Portuguese: Henrique de Malaca; Malay: Awang Hitam), was a Malay member of the Magellan expedition that completed the first circumnavigation of the world in 1519–1522. He was acquired as a slave by the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan in 1511 at the age of 14 years, probably in the early stages of the capture of Malacca. Magellan's will calls him "a native of Malacca", while Antonio Pigafetta states that he was a native of Sumatra.[Note 1] Magellan took him to Europe, and in 1519 he was brought along on the famous circumnavigation expedition.[1][2] According to some historians, it is possible that he could be the first person to circumnavigate the globe and return to his starting point, however, there is no record or source that confirms it.[3]

Awang the Black
Statue of Enrique in the Maritime Museum of Malacca, Malacca City, Malaysia
Born1497
DiedAfter 1522
Other namesHenrique, Heinrich

When Magellan appeared before the Spanish king, he spoke of Enrique as "a slave that he had had in Malacca, because he was from those islands they called him Enrique de Malacca."[4] Antonio Pigafetta, a participant who wrote the most comprehensive account of Magellan's voyage, called him "Henrique" (which was Hispanicised as Enrique in official Spanish documents) and also referred to him as a slave.[5]

Magellan expedition

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Enrique accompanied Magellan back to Europe and onwards on Magellan's search for a westward passage to the East Indies, and he served as an interpreter for the Spaniards. American historian Laurence Bergreen says that Enrique was believed to be native of the Spice Islands. Magellan produced letters from a Portuguese acquaintance, Francisco Serrão, who located the Spice Islands so far to the east of Spain, that they lay in the area granted to Spain, rather than Portugal. This gave Spain an opportunity to claim the Spice Islands.[6]

Ginés de Mafra explicitly states in his first hand account that Enrique was taken on the expedition primarily because of his ability to speak the Malay language: "He [Magellan] told his men that they were now in the land he had desired, and sent a man named Herédia, who was the ship's clerk, ashore with a Native they had taken, so they said, because he was known to speak Malay, the language spoken in the Malay Archipelago." The island in the Philippines where Enrique spoke and was understood by the natives was Mazaua, which Mafra locates somewhere near Mindanao.[citation needed]

After Magellan's death

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Magellan had provided in his will that Enrique was to be freed upon his death. But after the battle, the remaining ships' masters refused this bequest.[7]

The Genoese pilot of the Magellan expedition wrongly stated in his eye-witness account that the Spaniards had no interpreter when they returned to Cebu, because Enrique had died on Mactan along with Magellan during the Battle of Mactan in 1521. However, Enrique was very much alive on 1 May 1521, and attended a feast given by Rajah Humabon to the Spaniards. Antonio Pigafetta writes that the survivor João Serrão, who was pleading with the crew from the shore to save him from the Cebuano tribesmen, said that all those who went to the banquet were slain, except for Enrique.[8] A discourse by Giovanni Battista Ramusio claims that Enrique warned the Chief of Subuth [sic] that the Spaniards were plotting to capture the king and that this led to the murder of Serrão and others at the banquet.[9]

Possibility of the first circumnavigation

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Enrique accompanied Magellan on all his voyages, including the voyage that circumnavigated the world between 1519 and 1521. On 1 May he left in Cebu, with the presumed intention to return to his home island,[10] and there is nothing more said of Enrique in any document.

If he succeeded in returning to his home before July 1522, he would have been the first person to circumnavigate the world and return to his starting point.[11][12][13] According to Maximilianus Transylvanus and Antonio Pigafetta documents, Elcano and his sailors were the first to circumnavigate the globe. Enrique is only documented to have traveled with Magellan from Malacca to Cebu in two segments—from Malacca to Portugal in 1511 and from Spain to Cebu in 1519–1521. The distance between Cebu and Malacca is 2500 km (approximately 20 degrees of longitude), which is left to complete the circumnavigation. It is not known if he ever had a chance to complete a circumnavigation, but it would have been possible: Cebu was part of the regional trade network that dealt in spices, gold, and slaves. [14]

Ethnicity and identity

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In his last will, Magellan describes Enrique as a mulatto and native of Malacca, which is part of modern Malaysia today. Alternately, Pigafetta described him as coming from Sumatra in modern-day Indonesia, located just across the Strait of Malacca. Either way, Enrique is generally accepted to have been an ethnic Malay. However, it has been asserted by Filipino historian Carlos Quirino that Enrique was himself a Visayan Filipino, a Cebuano or native of Cebu in the Philippines, on the assumption that Enrique must have conversed with the Cebuanos in their Cebuano language instead of the Malay language as attested by primary sources (the Malay language was the lingua franca of the region).[15]

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Fictional works

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In Malaysia, a character known as Panglima Awang, a name given by a historical novel author, Harun Aminurrashid in his same novel titled Panglima Awang which was written in 1957 and first published in 1958 by Pustaka Melayu (under brand: Buku Punggok) is based on Enrique. According to the author, he gave Enrique the Malay name Awang to match his presumed ethnicity, while the title Panglima (English: Commander) refers to Enrique's wisdom, strength and activeness.[16]

In Indonesia, a book title "Pengeliling bumi pertama adalah orang Indonesia: Enrique Maluku" (The first circumnavigator was an Indonesian: Enrique of Moluccas), written by Helmy Yahya and Reinhard Tawas, edited by Imam Hidayah has released in 2014.[17] Moreover, Yahya continued to write the novel about Enrique Maluku with the title of "Clavis Mundi" in 2022, together with his colleagues (Utama Prastha and Donna Widjajanto, as well as research by Reinhard Tawas).[18]

In 2021, the historical novel Enrique the Black by Singapore author Danny Jalil was published by Penguin Random House SEA.[19] The book depicts a fictionalized account of Enrique as a Malay teenager who was taken by Ferdinand Magellan and forced into slavery, later playing a pivotal role as an interpreter on the journey to the Moluccas Spice Islands, where the inhabitants speak the Malay language.[20][21]

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See also

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Note

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  1. ^ The city of Malacca was inhabited by various ethnicities. The founder himself was a Malay refugee from Singapura who fled from the Kingdom of Palembang in Sumatra. See Crawfurd, 1856: p. 244

References

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  1. ^ Singapore, National Library Board. "Purbawara Panglima Awang – BookSG". eresources.nlb.gov.sg. Archived from the original on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  2. ^ Rahim, Oleh Nasron Sira (18 May 2015). "Siri Misteri: 'Panglima Awang' Melayu pertama keliling dunia". BH Online. Archived from the original on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  3. ^ Andrews, Evan. "Was Magellan the first person to circumnavigate the globe?". History.com. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  4. ^ Kelsey 2016, p. 141.
  5. ^ Martín Fernández de Navarrete. Madrid, Imprenta real. p. 14. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
  6. ^ (Bergreen 2003, pp. 30–33)
  7. ^ Bergreen 2003, p. 292.
  8. ^ Pigafetta, Antonio (1874), Lord Stanley of Alderley (ed.), The First Voyage Round the World by Magellan and other documents, Printed for the Hakluyt Society, p. 104
  9. ^ Pigafetta 1874, p. 201
  10. ^ 1938 Magellan. Der Mann und seine Tat, ISBN 4-87187-856-2, pp. 213–214
  11. ^ Jim Foster, The Magellan Project, "Who Closed the Circle First?" Archived 10 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine, 26 August 2015. Accessed 25 September 2018.
  12. ^ Penélope V. Flores, "Magellan’s Interpreter, Enrique, Was The First To Circumnavigate The World" Archived 9 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Positively Filipino. Accessed 25 September 2018.
  13. ^ Afaf Md Din, de Malacca, Historiafactory, 20 June 2016.
  14. ^ Sailors, John. "Enrique of Malacca Becomes First to Circumnavigate Globe Linguistically". EnriqueOfMalacca.com. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
  15. ^ Reid, Anthony (1988). Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce: v. 1: The Lands Beneath the Winds. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 7. ISBN 0-300-03921-2.
  16. ^ Aminurrashid, Harun (1957). Panglima Awang. Singapore: Pustaka Melayu (Buku Punggok). p. Sudut Sejarah (The Preface).
  17. ^ Yahya, Helmy; Tawas, Reinhard R. (2014). Pengeliling bumi pertama adalah orang Indonesia : Enrique Maluku [The first circumnavigator was an Indonesian: Enrique of Moluccas]. PT Ufuk Publishing House. ISBN 9786027689824.
  18. ^ "Helmy Yahya Raised the Story of the First Indonesian Earth Explorer in the Latest Novel". thelocalread.com. 26 November 2022. Archived from the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  19. ^ Jalil, Danny (September 2021). Enrique the Black. Singapore: Penguin Random House SEA Pte. Limited. p. 240. ISBN 9789814954051. Archived from the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  20. ^ Jalil, Danny (2021). Enrique the Black. Penguin Random House SEA Pte. Limited. ISBN 9789814954051. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  21. ^ "Enrique the Black". Good Reads. Archived from the original on 27 July 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2022.

Publications

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  • Bergreen, Laurence (2003). Over the Edge of the World : Magellan's terrifying circumnavigation of the globe (1st ed.). New York: Morrow. ISBN 0-06-621173-5.
  • Blair, Emma Helen and Robertson, James Alexander, The Philippine Islands 1493-1898 (55 vols, Cleveland, 1901-1907); abbreviated BR in citations.
  • Jesús, Vicente Calibo de, Mazaua, Magellan's Lost Harbor (2004)
  • Fry, Stephen, The Book of General Ignorance (London, 2006)
  • Genoese Pilot, Navegaçam e vyagem que fez Fernando de Magalhães de Seuilha pera Maluco no anno de 1519 annos In: Collecção de noticias para a historia e geografia das nações ultramarinas, que vivem nos dominios Portuguezes, ou lhes sao visinhas (Lisbon, 1826) pp. 151–176
  • Kelsey, Harry (2016). The First Circumnavigators : Unsung Heroes of the Age of Discovery. New Haven. ISBN 978-0-300-22086-5. OCLC 950613571.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Mafra, Ginés de, Libro que trata del descubrimiento y principio del Estrecho que se llama de Magallanes (1543), critical edition by Antonio Blazquez and Delgado Aguilera (Madrid, 1920) pp. 179–212
  • Maximilian Transylvanus, De Moluccis insulis (1523) in: The First Voyage (Manila: Filipiniana Book Guild, 1969: pp. 103–130
  • Morison, Samuel Eliot, The European Discovery of America: The Southern Voyages 1492-1616 (New York, 1974)
  • Parr, Charles McKew, So Noble a Captain: The Life and Times of Ferdinand Magellan (New York, 1953)
  • Pigafetta, Antonio, Magellan’s Voyage (1524)
    • 1524a. facsimile edition of Nancy-Libri-Phillipps-Beinecke-Yale codex, vol. II (New Haven, 1969)
    • 1524b. Primo viaggio intorno al globo terracqueo, ossia ragguaglio della navigazione...fatta dal cavaliere Antonio Pigafetta...ora publicato per la prima volta, tratto da un codice MS. Della biblioteca Ambrosiana di Milano e corredato di note da Carlo Amoretti. Milan 1800.
    • 1524c. Il primo viaggio intorno al globo di Antonio Pigafetta. In: Raccolta di Documenti e Studi Publicati dalla. Commissione Colombiana. Andrea da Mosto (ed. and tr.). Rome 1894.
    • 1524d. Le premier tour du monde de Magellan. Léonce Peillard (ed. and transcription of Ms. fr. 5650). France 1991.
    • 1524e. Magellan’s Voyage, 3 vols. James Alexander Robertson (ed. and tr. of Ambrosian). Cleveland 1906.
    • 1524f. Magellan’s Voyage: A Narrative Account of the First Circumnavigation. R.A. Skelton (ed. and tr. of Yale ms.). New Haven 1969.
    • 1524g. *of Ms. fr. 5650 and Ambrosian ms.). London 1874.
    • 1523h. The Voyage of Magellan: The Journal of Antonio Pigafetta. Paula Spurlin Paige (tr. of Colínes edition). New Jersey 1969.
    • 1524i. Il Primo Viaggio Intorno Al Mondo Con Il Trattato della Sfera. Facsimile edition of Ambrosian ms. Vicenza 1994.
    • 1524j. The First Voyage Around the World (1519-1522). Theodore J. Cachey Jr. (ed. based on Robertson’s tr.) New York 1995.
    • 1524k. Pigafetta: Relation du premier voyage autour du monde...Edition du texte français d’après les manuscripts de Paris et de Cheltenham. Jean Denucé (text transcribed from Ms. 5650, collating Mss. Ambrosiana, Nancy-Yale and 24224 in notes.) Antwerp 1923.
  • Quirino, Carlos, "The First Man Around the World Was a Filipino" In: Philippines Free Press, 28 December 1991. --"Pigafetta: The First Italian in the Philippines." In: Italians in the Philippines, Manila: 1980. -- "Enrique." In: Who's Who in the Philippines. Manila: Pp. 80–81.
  • Ramusio, Gian Battista, La Detta navigatione per messer Antonio Pigafetta Vicentino (1550) In: Delle navigationi e viaggi... (Venice) pp. 380–98
  • Torodash, Martín, 'Magellan Historiography' In: Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. LI (1970), pp. 313–335
  • Zweig, Stefan, Conqueror of the Seas: The Story of Magellan (New York, 1938)
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