On 19 August 1561, the 18-year-old Mary, Queen of Scots, returned to Scotland from France following the death of her husband King Francis II of France the previous winter. On 2 September the town of Edinburgh organised a celebration of royal entry for her.[1]
Events
editTailors and "boys" made black mourning "dule" riding cloaks and skirts for Mary, Queen of Scots, and her 15 ladies. Mary wore black Florence serge, the other costumes were made from 50 ells of cheaper black stemming.[2]
On the day, Mary rode from Holyrood Palace to Edinburgh Castle where she had dinner.[3] After the meal, she went to the Castlehill on the High Street and joined an escort of 50 young men from Edinburgh who were dressed as "Moors", a disguise representing imagined African people,[4] with rings in their mouths and gilded chains about their necks and arms. The costumes of some of this "Convoy of Moors" were made of white taffeta.[5] A 16th-century chronicle called the Diurnal of Occurents describes their costume, black face, and chains in Scots language:
thair bodeis and theis [thighs] coverit with yeallow taffiteis, thair armis and leggs from the knee doun bare, cullorit with blak, in maner of Moris, upon thair heidds blak hattis, and on thair faces blak visouris, in thair mowthis rings, garnessit with intellable [set with innumerable] precious staneis, about thair nekkis leggs and armes infynit of chenis of gold.[6]
Mary made her progress under a "paill" or canopy of purple velvet with gold fringes held up by twelve townsmen dressed in black velvet.[7] At the Butter Tron (where dairy products were weighed for sale) at the head of the West Bow there was a pageant stage. A boy dressed as an angel emerged from a globe and gave her the keys to the town, a bible, and a psalter. At the Tolbooth, on a double stage, four damsels (male actors) represented Fortitude, Justice, Temperance, and Prudence. At the Cross, wine poured from a fountain, and four maidens performed an allegory.[8] At another stop at the Salt Tron a pageant representing the Scottish Reformation was abandoned in favour of the destruction of Korah, Dathan, and Abiram.[9]
At the Netherbow, the boundary between Edinburgh and the Canongate, the queen was addressed by a dragon which was then burnt. At Holyrood Palace, a cartload of school children spoke in favour of the Reformation and sang a psalm.[10] A cupboard of gilt plate, bought by the town council from the Earl of Morton and Richard Maitland of Lethington, was presented to the queen in her outer chamber in Holyrood Palace, by the "honest men" who had carried and walked beside the canopy.[11]
Negotiated meaning and controversy
editA Royal Entry was a negotiation and affirmation of the values and meanings of a city and the royal court.[12] Some aspects of the 1561 Entry were controversial. The English diplomat Thomas Randolph mentioned the substitution and negotiation of content alluding directly to the Scottish Reformation. John Knox wrote that Mary seemed dismissive when she was presented with the Bible in vernacular, and this is repeated in a chronicle attributed to the Catholic Lord Herries.[13] It is thought that the presentation of the triumph of the Reformation during the Entry was displeasing to the Catholic queen. A month later, after burgh council elections, she required the dismissal of the Provost and four bailies of the town council.[14] The new Provost, Thomas McCalzean, proved to be a supporter of the queen.[15]
This Entry included features differing from other Edinburgh Entries, with no mention of a ceremony at the West Port, an actual entry to the town, and the presentation of the gilt plate within the royal palace. These differences may suggest interventions in the theatrical programme and conflict between civic and royal authority.[16]
Burgh records
edit
The town council had met on 26 August and resolved to hold a banquet for the queen and her cousins, and a "triumph" of "her grace's entry within this town". The Provost of Edinburgh, Archibald Douglas of Kilspindie, discussed methods of funding the event, countering objections raised by the goldsmith Thomas Ewyn who spoke on behalf of the town's craftsmen.[17] The treasurer, Luke Wilson, was appointed to organise the banquet and the "triumph". Wilson also supplied the costumes for the men bearing the canopy and town's sergeants. A carpenter Patrick Schang made the stages for the "triumphs and farces" at the Over or Butter Tron, Tolbooth, Cross, Salt Tron, and Netherbow. The stages were painted by Walter Binning. The young men (playing the "Moors") were expected to devise their own costumes to wear while they made "convoy before the cart triumphant". The banquet was held in Cardinal Beaton's house in the Cowgate.[18]
Verses
editThe verses spoken when the boy appeared out of a globe to give gifts of books to the queen survive.[19] The English diplomat Thomas Randolph sent a copy to William Cecil.[20][21] According to John Knox, Mary smiled at verses in her praise but passed the Bible to her attendant Arthur Erskine of Blackgrange.[22]
- Welcome our Souveraine Welcome our natyve quene
- Welcome to us your subjects greate and smalle
- Welcome I saye even from the verie spleene
- to Edinburghe youre cyttie principall
- dothe heere offer to your excellence
- two proper volumes in memoriall
- as gyftes most gainand for a godlie prince
- Wherein your grace may read and understand
- the perfyct waye unto the heavens hie
- and how to rewle your subjects and your land
- and how your kingdom established salbe
- Judgement and wysedome herein shall you see
- here shall you find that God hes done command
- and who the contrarie does wilfullie
- how them he thretines with his scurge and wand
- Ane gyfte more precious could we none present
- nor yet more nedefull for your excellence
- quhilk (which) is Gods law his word his testament
- trewlie translated with faithful diligence
- quhilk to accept with humble reverence
- the Provost present moste hartelie yow exhorts
- with the (w)hole subjects due obedience
- together with the keyse of their ports
- In sign that they and all that they possess
- bodie and goods shall ever reddie be
- to serve you as thair souveraigne hie misteris
- both daye and ever after their bound deutie
- beseching your grace in this necessetie
- their shorte tyme & gudwill consither
- accept their hearts & take it patiently
- that may done seeing all is yours together.[23]
Civic and court drama in Scotland
editThe events staged at the Edinburgh Entry were closely paralleled in other festivals, including:[24]
- The 1503 Entry of Margaret Tudor.[25]
- The 1579 Entry of James VI into Edinburgh
- The 1590 Entry and coronation of Anne of Denmark.[26] Further detail from this event is available for the performance of the "Convoy of the Moors".[27]
Royal baptisms also included elements of masque, drama, and formal processions:
- The 1566 Baptism of James VI
- The 1594 Masque at the baptism of Prince Henry
References
edit- ^ A. A. MacDonald, 'Mary Stewart's Entry to Edinburgh: an Ambiguous Triumph', Innes Review, 42:2 (Autumn 1991), pp. 101–110: A. R. MacDonald, 'The Triumph of Protestantism: the burgh council of Edinburgh and the entry of Mary Queen of Scots', Innes Review, 48:1 (Spring 1997), pp. 73–82.
- ^ James Balfour Paul, Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 11 (Edinburgh, 1916), p. 66.
- ^ Thomas Wright, Queen Elizabeth and her times, 1 (London, 1838), pp. 73–74
- ^ Nandini Das, João Vicente Melo, Haig Z. Smith, Lauren Working, Blackamoor/Moor, Keywords of Identity, Race, and Human Mobility in Early Modern England (Amsterdam, 2021), pp. 40–50
- ^ Documents relative to the reception at Edinburgh of the Kings and Queens of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1822), p. 7.
- ^ Thomas Thomson, [https://archive.org/details/diurnalofremarka00thom/page/66 Diurnal of Occurrents (Edinburgh, 1833), p. 67.
- ^ Joseph Robertson, Inventaires de la Royne Descosse (Edinburgh, 1863), p. lxxii.
- ^ Joseph Robertson, Inventaires de la Royne Descosse (Edinburgh, 1863), p. lxxiii.
- ^ Joseph Bain, Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), p. 552 nos. 1013, 1017.
- ^ Joseph Robertson, Inventaires de la Royne Descosse (Edinburgh, 1863), p. lxxiv.
- ^ Thomas Thomson, Diurnal of Occurrents (Edinburgh, 1833), p. 69.
- ^ Janette Dillon, The Language of Space in Court Performance, 1400–1625 (Cambridge, 2010), p. 20.
- ^ Robert Pitcairn, Historical Memoirs of the Reign of Mary Queen of Scots (Edinburgh, 1836), pp. 56–57, Herries describes the pageant of a priest and the Mass which Randolph said was not presented.
- ^ Theo van Heijnsbergen, 'Advice to a Princess: the literary articulation of a religious, political and cultural programme for Mary Queen of Scots', Julian Goodare & A. A. MacDonald, Sixteenth-century Scotland (Brill, 2008), pp. 104–105.
- ^ A. A. MacDonald, 'Mary Stewart's Entry to Edinburgh: an Ambiguous Triumph', Innes Review, 42:2 (Autumn 1991), p. 108.
- ^ Giovanna Guidicini, 'Municipal Perspective, Royal Expectations, and the Use of Public Space: The Case of the West Port, Edinburgh', Architectural Heritage, 22:1 (2011), pp. 37–52.
- ^ A. R. MacDonald, 'The Triumph of Protestantism: the burgh council of Edinburgh and the entry of Mary Queen of Scots', Innes Review, 48:1 (Spring 1997), p. 75.
- ^ James David Marwick, Extracts from the Burgh Records of Edinburgh, 1557–1571 (Edinburgh, 1875), pp. 119–122.
- ^ A. A. MacDonald, 'Mary Stewart's Entry to Edinburgh: an Ambiguous Triumph', Innes Review, 42:2 (Autumn 1991), p. 105.
- ^ Randolph's letter is in BL Cotton Caligula B.X, the verses TNA SP 52/6 f.146.
- ^ Robert S. Rait, Mary Queen of Scots, 1542–1587: Extracts from the English State Papers etc (London: Nutt, 1900), pp. 21–22
- ^ Gordon Kipling, Enter the King: Theatre, Liturgy, and Ritual in the Medieval Civic Triumph (Oxford, 1998) p. 129.
- ^ A. A. MacDonald, 'Mary Stewart's Entry to Edinburgh: an Ambiguous Triumph', Innes Review, 42:2 (Autumn 1991), pp. 109–110: Eleanor Mabel Valentine Brougham, News out of Scotland (London, 1926), p. 66: Robert Rait, Mary Queen of Scots (London, 1899), p. 21
- ^ Peter Davidson, 'The entry of Mary Stewart into Edinburgh, 1561, and other ambiguities', Renaissance Studies, 9:4 (December 1995), pp. 416–429.
- ^ Thomas Hearn, Joannis Lelandi De rebus Britannicis collectanea, vol. 4 (London, 1774), pp. 289–290: Sarah Carpenter, '"To thexaltacyon of noblesse": A Herald’s Account of the Marriage of Margaret Tudor to James IV', Medieval English Theatre, 29 (2007)
- ^ Gordon Kipling, 'The Deconstruction of the Virgin in the Sixteenth-Century Royal Entry in Scotland', European Medieval Drama, 9 (2005), pp. 127–152
- ^ Clare McManus, Women on the Renaissance Stage (Manchester, 2002), pp. 76–78.