Erna Wallisch (née Erna Pfannstiel, 10 February 1922 – 16 February 2008) was a female guard in two Nazi concentration camps, but despite several trials was never convicted. In 2007, she was seventh on the Simon Wiesenthal Center's list of most wanted war criminals that had never been convicted.[1]
Erna Wallisch | |
|---|---|
| Born | Erna Pfannstiel 10 February 1922 Benshausen, Germany |
| Died | 16 February 2008 (aged 86) |
| Nationality | German |
| Occupation | Guard |
| Known for | Seventh on the Simon Wiesenthal Center's list of most wanted war criminals that had never been convicted. |
Early life
editWallisch was born Erna Pfannstiel in Benshausen, in Thuringia in 1922. Her father was a postal clerk and her mother was a housewife.[2] Erna worked as a maid in Berlin for a year[3] before joining the NSDAP at the age of 19 and undergoing training to become an Aufseherin, or female concentration camp guard.[4]
World War II
editWallisch first served as a guard at Ravensbrück concentration camp for a year before she was transferred to the Majdanek concentration camp in Lublin, Poland in May 1941.[5][3] While in service at Majdanek, she met a Nazi guard named Georg Wallisch, and married him in 1944.[3] It is alleged that she was a brutal guard, beating women and children on their way to the gas chambers and personally participated in the selections of inmates to be executed.[5]
Survivors described pregnant Wallisch beating a young boy to death and have referred to her as "the pregnant monster".[6] One of the survivors, Jadwiga Landowska, has said: "The pregnant Nazi monster woman who went crazy and attacked us did not appear among those tried in Duesseldorf after the war. The pregnant one hit a young boy lying on the floor with something harder than a whip. Blood was pouring from his head and he gave no sign of life or reaction. The sweating, breathless face of that monster was something I will never forget."[4] Another has claimed that she used "violence and illegal threats for reasons of race and nationality, against women and children weakened physically and psychologically... she treated them in an inhumane way".[7]
Legal
editThere were three attempts to prosecute Wallisch:
1965: In Graz, charges were dismissed due to "insufficient evidence".[6]
1970s: In Vienna, but the prosecutor was unwilling to pursue (nolle prosequi), as the Austrian statutes of limitation had expired. It was found that she was "a possible participant in sadistic activities but not a perpetrator" and that she had "distant guilt."[6]
2005: Historian Dr Efraim Zuroff urged the Austrian Department of Justice to prosecute anew,[8] but its speaker, Christoph Pöchinger declared that there was lack of credible evidence. This was despite how Zuroff had identified five Polish survivors who were prepared to testify against her.[6] This unwillingness to prosecute led the Simon Wiesenthal Center to put her on the list of most wanted war criminals, ranked at number seven.[4]
Post-World War II
editIn 2007, British author and journalist Guy Walters tracked Wallisch down to a small flat in the Kaisermühlen district,Vienna, Austria,[9] as part of his research for an upcoming work titled Hunting Evil: How the Nazi War Criminals Escaped and the Hunt to Bring Them to Justice, about the pursuit of escaped Nazi war criminals.[4]
Though Wallisch would not talk to Walters and the Austrian government claimed that the statute of limitations had expired on her war crimes, Poland explored seeking an indictment against her.[4][10] Though they had investigated Wallisch for her crimes in the 1970s, the renewed interest as well as evidence from Polish survivors, lead Austrian officials to commission a report on the crimes which had taken place six decades earlier.[11] Before the report could be completed, the 86-year-old Wallisch died in a hospital bed.[12]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Wiesenthal Center Annual Report Notes Rise in Number of Convictions of Nazi War Criminals During Past Year; Slams Austria, Germany and Twelve Others for Failure to Bring Holocaust Perpetrators to Justice; Praises US and Italy for Continued Successes". Simon Wiesenthal Center News Release. Simon Wiesenthal Center. April 15, 2007. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved 2008-07-07.
- ^ Schuchter,Bernd; Hildebrandt,Rachel (2016-10-07). Link and Lerke (in Brazilian Portuguese). KBR LLC. ISBN 978-1-944608-28-6.
- ^ a b c "Wyborcza.pl". lublin.wyborcza.pl. Retrieved 2024-04-12.
- ^ a b c d e Leidig, Michael (2007-10-24). "Elderly woman is wanted Nazi war criminal". Telegraph.co.uk. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2008-07-07.
- ^ a b Ashford, Victoria (2007-10-25). "How I found Nazi war criminal suspect". Wiltshire Times & Chippenaham News. This is Wiltshire Network. Retrieved 2008-07-07.
- ^ a b c d Dargie, Richard; Flanders, Julian (2021-05-01). The Nazis' Flight from Justice: How Hitler's Followers Attempted to Vanish Without Trace. Arcturus Publishing. ISBN 978-1-83940-517-4.
- ^ McGivern, Mark (2007-10-22). "Granny Aged 85 'Exposed As Nazi Camp Guard'". Daily Record. Retrieved 2024-09-18.
- ^ Zuroff, Efraim (2008-02-11). "Last chance to catch the Nazis". New Statesman. Retrieved 2024-09-18.
- ^ Steflja, Izabela; Darden, Jessica Trisko (2020-09-08). Women as War Criminals: Gender, Agency, and Justice. Stanford University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-5036-2757-4.
- ^ Walters, Guy (2010). Hunting Evil: How the Nazi War Criminals Escaped and the Hunt to Bring Them to Justice. Bantam. p. 579. ISBN 978-0-553-81939-7.
- ^ Homola, Victoria (2008-01-30). "Austria: Death Camp Case Reopened". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-07-07.
- ^ Homola, Victoria (2008-02-22). "Former Concentration Camp Guard Dies". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-07-07.